<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2010-04-08 22:04:34 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2019-11-26 02:54:51 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>FDB000463</accession>
  <name>L-Stachydrine</name>
  <description>Alkaloid from Citrus spp Medicago sativa and Stachys subspecies(alfalfa). L-Stachydrine or also called proline betaine is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. L-Stachydrine is found in many foods, some of which are capers, pulses, lemon, and alfalfa.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(2S)-1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate</synonym>
    <synonym>(2S)-2-Carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-Carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-Carboxylato-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium</synonym>
    <synonym>L-Proline betaine</synonym>
    <synonym>L-Stachydrine</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>Prestwick-08g03</synonym>
    <synonym>Proline betaine</synonym>
    <synonym>Pyrrolidinium, 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethyl-, inner salt, (2S)-</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Stachydrine</synonym>
    <synonym>Stachydrine</synonym>
    <synonym>Stachydrine; L-form</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C7H13NO2</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>143.1836</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>143.094628665</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(2S)-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium-2-carboxylate</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>stachydrine</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>471-87-4</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>C[N+]1(C)CCC[C@H]1C([O-])=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C7H13NO2/c1-8(2)5-3-4-6(8)7(9)10/h6H,3-5H2,1-2H3/t6-/m0/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>CMUNUTVVOOHQPW-LURJTMIESA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.</description>
    <direct_parent>Proline and derivatives</direct_parent>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Organic acids and derivatives</super_class>
    <class>Carboxylic acids and derivatives</class>
    <sub_class>Amino acids, peptides, and analogues</sub_class>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Amines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Azacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acid salts</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>L-alpha-amino acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>N-alkylpyrrolidines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic salts</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organopnictogen compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Pyrrolidine carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Tetraalkylammonium salts</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Alpha-amino acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Amine</substituent>
      <substituent>Azacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid salt</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>L-alpha-amino acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>N-alkylpyrrolidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic nitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic salt</substituent>
      <substituent>Organoheterocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organonitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organopnictogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Proline or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrrolidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Quaternary ammonium salt</substituent>
      <substituent>Tetraalkylammonium salt</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Pyrrolidine alkaloids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>alkaloid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>amino-acid betaine</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-2.24</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-2.47</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>6.66e-01 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>Mp 235 dec. (anhyd.)</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-3.9</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>2.26</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>(2S)-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium-2-carboxylate</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>143.1836</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>143.094628665</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>C[N+]1(C)CCC[C@H]1C([O-])=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C7H13NO2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C7H13NO2/c1-8(2)5-3-4-6(8)7(9)10/h6H,3-5H2,1-2H3/t6-/m0/s1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>CMUNUTVVOOHQPW-LURJTMIESA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>40.13</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>60.11</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>15.05</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>2260</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>2261</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5965</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>148675</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>319468</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>319469</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>319470</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>366598</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>366599</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>366600</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2244477</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2691659</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2691660</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2691661</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2991107</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2991108</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2991109</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54682</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54683</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54684</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54685</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54686</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54687</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54688</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54689</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54690</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54691</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54692</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54693</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54694</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54695</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54696</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54697</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54698</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54699</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54700</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>54701</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB04827</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id/>
  <kegg_id/>
  <chebi_id>35280</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <het_id/>
  <wikipidia/>
  <vmh_id/>
  <fbonto_id/>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce33035e10&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce33035c58&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce33035960&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce330356b8&gt;</reference>
  </general_references>
  <foods>
    <food>
      <name>Alfalfa</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Medicago sativa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3879</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Amaranth</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Amaranthus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3564</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Anatidae</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anatidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8830</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Annual wild rice</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Zizania aquatica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>75727</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Barley</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Hordeum vulgare</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4513</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Beefalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus X Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>297284</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Bison</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9901</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Breakfast cereal</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Buffalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bubalus bubalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>89462</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Bulgur</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Capers</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capparis spinosa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>65558</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>23.5</average_value>
      <max_value>37.0</max_value>
      <min_value>10.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Cattle (Beef, Veal)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9913</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Cereals and cereal products</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Chicken</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Gallus gallus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9031</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Citrus</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columbidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8930</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common buckwheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Fagopyrum esculentum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3617</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common wheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Triticum aestivum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4565</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Corn</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Zea mays</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4577</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Crosne</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category/>
      <name_scientific>Stachys affinis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9850</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic goat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capra aegagrus hircus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9925</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic pig</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa domestica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9825</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Elk</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervus canadensis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>1574408</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Emu</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Dromaius novaehollandiae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8790</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>European rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Oryctolagus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9984</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Flour</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fruit juice</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Grapefruit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus X paradisi</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>37656</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Greylag goose</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anser anser</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8843</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Guinea hen</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Numida meleagris</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8996</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Hard wheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Triticum durum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4567</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Horse</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Equus caballus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9796</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lemon</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus limon</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>2708</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lime</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus aurantiifolia</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>159033</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mallard duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anas platyrhynchos</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8839</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus reticulata</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>85571</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Millet</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Panicum miliaceum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4540</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mountain hare</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lepus timidus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>62621</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mule deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Odocoileus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9871</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Oat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Avena sativa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4498</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Oriental wheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Triticum turanicum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>376534</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Ostrich</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Struthio camelus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8801</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pheasant</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianus colchicus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9054</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pulses</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific></name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pummelo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus maxima</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>37334</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Quail</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9005</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Quinoa</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Chenopodium quinoa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>63459</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Leporidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9979</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Red rice</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Oryza rufipogon</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4529</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rice</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Oryza sativa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4530</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rock ptarmigan</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lagopus muta</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>64668</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rye</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Secale cereale</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4550</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sheep (Mutton, Lamb)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ovis aries</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9940</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sorghum</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sorghum bicolor</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4558</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Soy bean</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Glycine max</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3847</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Spelt</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Triticum spelta</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>58933</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Squab</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columba</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8931</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sweet orange</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Citrus sinensis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>2711</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Tartary buckwheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Fagopyrum tataricum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>62330</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Teff</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Eragrostis tef</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>110835</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Triticale</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>X Triticosecale rimpaui</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Turkey</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Meleagris gallopavo</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9103</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Velvet duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Melanitta fusca</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>371864</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wheat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Triticum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4564</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild boar</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9823</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild rice</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Zizania</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>15949</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
  </foods>
  <flavors>
  </flavors>
  <enzymes>
  </enzymes>
  <health_effects>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cardiotonic</name>
      <id>771</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Emmenagogue</name>
      <id>900</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Insectifuge</name>
      <id>1041</id>
      <definition>Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta.  In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Lactagogue</name>
      <id>1062</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Oxytocic</name>
      <id>1185</id>
      <definition>A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (abortifacients).</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Systolic depressant</name>
      <id>1344</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
  </health_effects>
</compound>
