Record Information |
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Version | 1.0 |
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Creation date | 2010-04-08 22:04:42 UTC |
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Update date | 2020-09-17 15:42:10 UTC |
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Primary ID | FDB000753 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | Not Available |
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Chemical Information |
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FooDB Name | Ethanol |
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Description | Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are compounds having a primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. Indeed, ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. Ethanol has a depressive effect on the central nervous system and because of its psychoactive effects, it is considered a drug. Ethanol has a complex mode of action and affects multiple systems in the brain, most notably it acts as an agonist to the GABA receptors. Death from ethanol consumption is possible when blood alcohol level reaches 0.4%. A blood level of 0.5% or more is commonly fatal. Levels of even less than 0.1% can cause intoxication, with unconsciousness often occurring at 0.3-0.4 %. Ethanol is metabolized by the body as an energy-providing carbohydrate nutrient, as it metabolizes into acetyl CoA, an intermediate common with glucose metabolism, that can be used for energy in the citric acid cycle or for biosynthesis. Ethanol within the human body is converted into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and then into acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The product of the first step of this breakdown, acetaldehyde, is more toxic than ethanol. Acetaldehyde is linked to most of the adverse clinical effects of alcohol. Ethanol has been shown to increase the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver, multiple forms of cancer, and alcoholism. Industrially, ethanol is produced both as a petrochemical, through the hydration of ethylene, and biologically, by fermenting sugars with yeast. Small amounts of ethanol are endogenously produced by gut microflora through anaerobic fermentation. However, most ethanol detected in biofluids and tissues likely comes from consumption of alcoholic beverages. Absolute ethanol or anhydrous alcohol generally refers to purified ethanol, containing no more than one percent water. Absolute alcohol is not intended for human consumption. It often contains trace amounts of toxic benzene (used to remove water by azeotropic distillation). Consumption of this form of ethanol can be fatal over a short time period. Generally absolute or pure ethanol is used as a solvent for lab and industrial settings where water will disrupt a desired reaction. Pure ethanol is classed as 200 proof in the USA and Canada, equivalent to 175 degrees proof in the UK system. Ethanol is a general biomarker for the consumption of alcohol. Ethanol is also a metabolite of Hansenula and Saccharomyces (PMID: 14613880). |
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CAS Number | 64-17-5 |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | Source |
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1-Hydroxyethane | ChEBI | [CH2Me(OH)] | ChEBI | [OEtH] | ChEBI | Alcohol | ChEBI | Alcohol etilico | ChEBI | Alcool ethylique | ChEBI | Alkohol | ChEBI | Aethanol | ChEBI | Aethylalkohol | ChEBI | C2H5OH | ChEBI | Dehydrated ethanol | ChEBI | Etanol | ChEBI | Ethyl alcohol | ChEBI | EtOH | ChEBI | Hydroxyethane | ChEBI | Methylcarbinol | ChEBI | Spiritus vini | ChEBI | Anhydrous ethanol | Kegg | Absolute alcohol | MeSH | Alcohol, absolute | MeSH | Alcohol, grain | MeSH | Grain alcohol | MeSH | Alcohol, ethyl | MeSH | Absolute ethanol | HMDB | Absolute ethyl alcohol | HMDB | Alcare hand degermer | HMDB | Alcohols | HMDB | Alcool etilico | HMDB | Algrain | HMDB | Alkoholu etylowego | HMDB | Anhydrol | HMDB | Anhydrous alcohol | HMDB | Cologne spirit | HMDB | Cologne spirits | HMDB | Dehydrated alcohol | HMDB | Denatured alcohol | HMDB | Denatured ethanol | HMDB | Desinfektol el | HMDB | Diluted alcohol | HMDB | Distilled spirits | HMDB | Ethanol 200 proof | HMDB | Ethanol solution | HMDB | Ethicap | HMDB | Ethyl alc | HMDB | Ethyl alcohol anhydrous | HMDB | Ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages | HMDB | Ethyl alcohol usp | HMDB | Ethyl hydrate | HMDB | Ethyl hydroxide | HMDB | Fermentation alcohol | HMDB | Hinetoless | HMDB | Infinity pure | HMDB | Jaysol | HMDB | Jaysol S | HMDB | Lux | HMDB | Molasses alcohol | HMDB | potato Alcohol | HMDB | Punctilious ethyl alcohol | HMDB | Pyro | HMDB | Silent spirit | HMDB | Spirit | HMDB | Spirits OF wine | HMDB | Spirt | HMDB | Synasol | HMDB | Tecsol | HMDB | Tecsol C | HMDB | Thanol | HMDB | Undenatured ethanol | HMDB | 1-hydroxyethane | manual | Drinking alcohol | manual | Ethylic alcohol | manual | Ethylol | manual | FEMA 2419 | db_source | Potato alcohol | HMDB | Pure alcohol | manual |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Chemical Formula | C2H6O |
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IUPAC name | ethanol |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 |
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InChI Key | LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Isomeric SMILES | CCO |
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Average Molecular Weight | 46.0684 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 46.041864814 |
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Classification |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Alcohols and polyols |
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Direct Parent | Primary alcohols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Indirect biological role: Industrial application: |
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Physico-Chemical Properties |
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Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental | Property | Value | Reference |
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Physical state | Liquid | |
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Physical Description | Not Available | |
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Mass Composition | C 52.14%; H 13.13%; O 34.73% | DFC |
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Melting Point | Fp -117.3° (-112.3°) | DFC |
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Boiling Point | Bp16 4° | DFC |
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Experimental Water Solubility | 1000 mg/mL at 25 oC | RIDDICK,JA et al. (1986) |
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Experimental logP | -0.31 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Experimental pKa | pKa 15.93 (25°) | DFC |
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Isoelectric point | Not Available | |
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Charge | 0 | |
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Optical Rotation | Not Available | |
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Spectroscopic UV Data | Not Available | |
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Density | d204 0.79 | DFC |
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Refractive Index | n20.5D 1.3610 | DFC |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | |
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EI-MS/GC-MS | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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EI-MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-003s-9000000000-dabf5a61c5a7da9fbe13 | 2014-09-20 | View Spectrum | GC-MS | Ethanol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-001j-9000000000-a705823ce4aeba7f89e1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | Ethanol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-001j-9000000000-a705823ce4aeba7f89e1 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Ethanol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-002b-9000000000-7fa80a491183c1cdd23e | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Ethanol, 1 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0fmi-9200000000-587cc3c48ab7fbf9cd3a | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Ethanol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Ethanol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Ethanol, TBDMS_1_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum |
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MS/MS | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive | splash10-001j-9000000000-a705823ce4aeba7f89e1 | 2012-08-31 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-d75d9996bc68c673f090 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-893c2599624722912f25 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-8af4124822065023744f | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-22231ed69c5f28bfed79 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-d2881505c47bbef13f18 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-2ed988bb761ac20ba44a | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-5c5e98353b75870c1c55 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0002-9000000000-326f4f38d260a85ea469 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-002b-9000000000-f850ab2a079485c4a276 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-b6602db69e5662ad67a9 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-b6602db69e5662ad67a9 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0002-9000000000-4d0d1c69f8440a7fda18 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum |
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NMR | Type | Description | | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental) | | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | | Spectrum |
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External Links |
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ChemSpider ID | 682 |
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ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL545 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00469 |
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Pubchem Compound ID | 702 |
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Pubchem Substance ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 16236 |
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Phenol-Explorer ID | Not Available |
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DrugBank ID | DB00898 |
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HMDB ID | HMDB00108 |
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CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID | BGT97-X:BGT97-X |
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EAFUS ID | 1148 |
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Dr. Duke ID | ETHANOL|ETHYL-ALCOHOL |
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BIGG ID | 35062 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00019560 |
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HET ID | EOH |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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Flavornet ID | 64-17-5 |
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GoodScent ID | rw1000511 |
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SuperScent ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia ID | Ethanol |
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Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID | Not Available |
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Duplicate IDS | Not Available |
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Old DFC IDS | Not Available |
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Associated Foods |
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Food | Content Range | Average | Reference |
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Food | | | Reference |
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Biological Effects and Interactions |
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Health Effects / Bioactivities | Descriptor | ID | Definition | Reference |
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Allergenic | 50904 | A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions. | DUKE | Anesthetic | | A drug that induces a reversible loss of sensation, used to prevent pain and discomfort during medical procedures, surgeries, and diagnostic tests, promoting patient comfort and facilitating treatment. | DUKE | Anhydrotic | | An agent that suppresses sweating, used to treat hyperhidrosis. It reduces sweat gland activity, often applied in managing excessive sweating disorders and conditions like anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, where sweat glands are absent or underdeveloped. | DUKE | Anti-atherosclerotic | 38070 | An agent that prevents or slows the formation of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by plaque buildup in arteries. It reduces inflammation, improves lipid profiles, and inhibits platelet aggregation, commonly used to manage cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, and prevent heart attacks and strokes. | DUKE | Anti bacterial | 33282 | An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis. | DUKE | Anti pruritic | 50177 | An agent that relieves itching sensations, reducing scratching and discomfort. It plays a biological role in inhibiting histamine release and nerve signal transmission. Therapeutically, it's used to manage itching associated with allergies, eczema, and skin irritations, providing relief and preventing further skin damage. | DUKE | Anti septic | 33281 | An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management. | DUKE | Central nervous system depressant | 35470 | An agent that slows brain activity, reducing anxiety, stress, and excitability. Therapeutically, it's used to manage insomnia, seizures, and anxiety disorders, promoting relaxation and sedation. Key medical uses include treating insomnia, epilepsy, and panic disorders, as well as inducing anesthesia. | DUKE | Expectorant | 52217 | An agent that thins and loosens mucus, making it easier to cough up, reducing congestion. It aids in clearing respiratory tract secretions, commonly used to relieve coughs, colds, and bronchitis, promoting easier breathing and soothing irritated airways. | DUKE | Hepatotoxic | 50908 | An agent that causes liver damage or toxicity, disrupting normal liver function. It has no therapeutic applications, but is often a side effect of certain medications, such as acetaminophen overdose, and is a key consideration in medical uses, including monitoring liver function during drug therapy. | DUKE | Hypertensive | | An agent that increases blood pressure, used therapeutically to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock, and medically to manage conditions such as orthostatic hypotension and postural hypotension. | DUKE | Hypnotic | | An agent that induces sleep, used to treat insomnia and facilitate surgical anesthesia, playing a key role in regulating sleep patterns and providing therapeutic relief for sleep disorders. | DUKE | Hypocalcemic | | An agent or condition characterized by low serum calcium levels, playing a role in muscle and nerve function. Therapeutically, hypocalcemic agents are used to treat conditions such as hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism, and have applications in managing osteoporosis and calcium-related disorders. | DUKE | Hypotensive | | An agent that lowers blood pressure, playing a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, it's used to manage hypertension, heart failure, and angina, with key medical applications in preventing stroke, kidney disease, and cardiac complications. | DUKE | Mucotropic | | An agent that increases respiratory tract fluid production, aiding in mucociliary clearance. It has therapeutic applications in managing respiratory conditions, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, by loosening and clearing mucus, thereby improving lung function. | DUKE | Neurolytic | | An agent that causes disintegration of nerve tissue, used to relieve chronic pain by interrupting pain signals to the brain, commonly used in managing cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, and other intractable pain conditions. | DUKE | Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE | Rubefacient | | A topical agent that causes skin redness by dilating capillaries and increasing blood circulation, used therapeutically to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote healing in conditions such as arthritis and muscle strain. | DUKE | Sclerosant | | An injectable irritant that induces inflammation and fibrosis, used to treat varicose veins by obliterating the vein lumen, thereby eliminating abnormal blood flow. | DUKE | Surfactant | 35195 | A substance that reduces surface tension, playing a crucial biological role in lung function by facilitating breathing. Therapeutically, it is used to treat respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Key medical uses include enhancing lung expansion, improving gas exchange, and preventing alveolar collapse, ultimately reducing the risk of respiratory failure. | DUKE | Teratogenic | 50905 | An agent that causes abnormal fetal development, disrupting embryonic growth and leading to birth defects. Its biological role is associated with developmental toxicity, and it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include serving as a warning for substances that pose risks during pregnancy, guiding prenatal care and medication management to prevent birth defects. | DUKE | Tremorilytic | | An agent that suppresses tremors, involuntary muscle contractions, playing a biological role in regulating motor function. Therapeutically, it is used to manage movement disorders, with key medical applications in treating essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions characterized by involuntary muscle movements. | DUKE | Ulcerogenic | | An agent that causes the production of ulcers, often used to study gastrointestinal disease mechanisms. Its biological role involves disrupting mucosal defense, leading to ulcer formation. Therapeutically, understanding ulcerogenic agents informs the development of anti-ulcer medications. Key medical uses include researching gastric ulcer pathogenesis and testing potential treatments for ulcer prevention and healing. | DUKE | Neurotoxic | 50910 | A substance that damages or destroys nerve cells, disrupting normal brain function. It has no therapeutic applications, but is used in research to study neurodegenerative diseases. Key medical uses include understanding and developing treatments for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, where neurotoxicity plays a role. | CHEBI |
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Enzymes | Name | Gene Name | UniProt ID |
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Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 | PON3 | Q15166 | Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 | PON1 | P27169 | Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2 | PON2 | Q15165 | Lysosomal acid phosphatase | ACP2 | P11117 | Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 2B member 1 | SULT2B1 | O00204 | Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] | AKR1A1 | P14550 | 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase | MPST | P25325 | Beta-glucuronidase | GUSB | P08236 | Plasma alpha-L-fucosidase | FUCA2 | Q9BTY2 | Lecithin retinol acyltransferase | LRAT | O95237 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 | NR1I3 | Q14994 | Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 2 | FAR2 | Q96K12 | Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 | AWAT2 | Q6E213 | Testicular acid phosphatase | ACPT | Q9BZG2 | Carboxylesterase 5A | CES5A | Q6NT32 | Acid phosphatase-like protein 2 | ACPL2 | Q8TE99 | Synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAT-1 homolog-like | VAT1L | Q9HCJ6 | Quinone oxidoreductase PIG3 | TP53I3 | Q53FA7 | Synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAT-1 homolog | VAT1 | Q99536 |
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Pathways | Name | SMPDB Link | KEGG Link |
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Ethanol Degradation | SMP00449 | Not Available |
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Metabolism | Not Available |
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Biosynthesis | Not Available |
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Organoleptic Properties |
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Flavours | Flavor | Citations |
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sweet |
- Arn, H, Acree TE. “Flavornet: A database of aroma compounds based on odor potency in natural products”. Developments in Food Science 40 (1998): 27. doi:10.1016/S0167-4501(98)80029-0
| strong |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| alcoholic |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| ethereal |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| medical |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
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Files |
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MSDS | show |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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General Reference | Not Available |
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Content Reference | — Saxholt, E., et al. 'Danish food composition databank, revision 7.' Department of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (2008). — U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004). — Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.
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