Showing Compound Hydroquinone (FDB000885)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:04:45 UTC

Update date

2024-11-29 22:26:17 UTC

Primary ID

FDB000885

Secondary Accession Numbers

FDB030688

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

Hydroquinone

Description

Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver. [HMDB]. Hydroquinone is found in many foods, some of which are kai-lan, agar, red bell pepper, and jostaberry.

CAS Number

123-31-9

Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
1,4-Benzenediol	ChEBI
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene	ChEBI
4-Hydroxyphenol	ChEBI
Benzene-1,4-diol	ChEBI
Eldoquin	ChEBI
p-Benzenediol	ChEBI
p-Hydroquinone	ChEBI
p-Hydroxyphenol	ChEBI
Quinol	ChEBI
Artra	MeSH
Eldopaque	MeSH
Esoterica	MeSH
Hidroquilaude	MeSH
Hidroquin	MeSH
Hidroquinona isdin	MeSH
Licostrata	MeSH
Lustra	MeSH
Melanasa	MeSH
Melanex	MeSH
Melpaque	MeSH
Melquin	MeSH
Neostrata HQ	MeSH
Phiaquin	MeSH
Solaquin	MeSH
Ultraquin	MeSH
beta-Quinol	MeSH
Hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt	MeSH
Hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1)	MeSH
Hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt	MeSH
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen	HMDB
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol	HMDB
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen	HMDB
1,4-Diidrobenzene	HMDB
a-Hydroquinone	HMDB
alpha-Hydroquinone	HMDB
b-Quinol	HMDB
Benzohydroquinone	HMDB
Benzoquinol	HMDB
Dihydroquinone	HMDB
Dihydroxybenzene	HMDB
Hydrochinon	HMDB
Hydrochinone	HMDB
Hydroquinol	HMDB
Hydroquinole	HMDB
Hydroquinone for synthesis	HMDB
Hydroquinone GR	HMDB
Hydroquinoue	HMDB
Idrochinone	HMDB
p-Dihydroxybenzene	HMDB
P-Dioxobenzene	HMDB
p-Dioxybenzene	HMDB
P-Hydroxybenzene	HMDB
Solaquin forte	HMDB
Eldoquin forte	MeSH, HMDB
Stratus brand 1 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
ICN brand 1 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
Plough brand 2 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
Eldopaque forte	MeSH, HMDB
ICN brand 4 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
Black and white	MeSH, HMDB
ICN brand 2 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
ICN brand 3 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
Plough brand 1 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
Stratus brand 2 OF hydroquinone	MeSH, HMDB
1,4-Benzoquinol	PhytoBank
1,4-Phenylenediol	PhytoBank
1,4-p-Benzenediol	PhytoBank
p-Dihydroquinone	PhytoBank
p-Phenylenediol	PhytoBank
p-Quinol	PhytoBank
Arctuvin	db_source
Hydroquinone gr	HMDB
Hydroquinone, 8CI, USAN	db_source
P-Benzenediol	ChEBI
P-Dihydroxybenzene	HMDB
P-Dioxybenzene	HMDB
P-Hydroquinone	ChEBI
P-Hydroxyphenol	ChEBI
Pyrogentisic acid	db_source
Pyrogentisinic acid	db_source

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	95.5 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	0.71	ALOGPS
logP	1.37	ChemAxon
logS	-0.06	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	9.68	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-5.9	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	40.46 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	30.02 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	10.75 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

C6H6O2

IUPAC name

benzene-1,4-diol

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H

InChI Key

QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1

Average Molecular Weight

110.1106

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

110.036779436

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinones. Hydroquinones are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.

Kingdom

Super Class

Class

Sub Class

Direct Parent

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Hydroquinone
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
Monocyclic benzene moiety
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

hydroquinones (CHEBI:17594 )
benzenediol (CHEBI:17594 )
an electron-transfer-related quinol (HYDROQUINONE )
a benzenediol (HYDROQUINONE )

Ontology

Physiological effect

Health effect:

Health condition:

Uremia

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Enteral:

Ingestion

Source:

Food

Synthetic:

Personal care product

Environmental:

Tobacco smoke

Biological:

Animal

Plant:

Biological location:

Tissue and substructures:

Epidermis

Cell and elements:

Cell:

Fibroblast

Organ and components:

Subcellular:

Biofluid and excreta:

Role

Indirect biological role:

Carcinogen

Environmental role:

Industrial application:

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Solid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	C 65.45%; H 5.49%; O 29.06%	DFC
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Bp730 285°	DFC
Experimental Water Solubility	Not Available
Experimental logP	Not Available
Experimental pKa	Not Available
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	Not Available
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	[neutral] lmax 250 (e 204) (CHCl3) (Berdy)	DFC
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	Not Available

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
EI-MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-03di-9500000000-1fa8477944a662535e76	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
GC-MS	Hydroquinone, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0f79-2490000000-6b4fec222a3499d93790	Spectrum
GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9800000000-c90fd4986fea9691ecbf	Spectrum
GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-03e9-9300000000-f8b11742557329691e8a	Spectrum
GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0f79-2490000000-6b4fec222a3499d93790	Spectrum
GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0f79-2690000000-7306adcc7121a11d67cc	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-03di-5900000000-954dc96d8e3eb85b8324	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Hydroquinone, 2 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00e9-8950000000-512c0cf5ddc0b120ec8e	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Hydroquinone, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-03di-9600000000-e670ba090cb27367db12	2012-07-25	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-01p6-9000000000-5fc32c7688c1612df1e7	2012-07-25	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-000i-9000000000-c5853ce8ef225ea5c353	2012-07-25	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (Unknown) , Positive	splash10-03di-9800000000-c90fd4986fea9691ecbf	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-5635f0157cd37deb1121	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	splash10-03di-2900000000-05be113033a709130eed	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9600000000-e0d15b2e4ea35a7a76be	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-01r6-9000000000-946504408977df40269a	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-c16180dd26c127563155	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-03dl-9000000000-cea1cb486f12ea31e3a1	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01ox-9000000000-3a9d5710c88793e698f1	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-60eeaa79bff371773b2e	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-3a9e293da186985db7fa	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0pb9-9000000000-84bb0a9b4c3cd16da2a7	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-7900000000-2256214c81a3e04e01b7	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03di-0900000000-8d8328e4f7cd2ebaa27d	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03di-1900000000-9290fcb93f170fc3143f	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-01si-9200000000-9f707b9d0c4ad0b73b30	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-d3aae38632ac4c40fd4f	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-74f15490ba4f49cf8c18	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9800000000-1cb01248e88fce387578	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-9f2c82efe2cba7470e17	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-9f2c82efe2cba7470e17	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0f6x-9000000000-8213c13cc381b346f976	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03di-0900000000-fd10fd64675560620b8d	2021-09-22	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 15.08 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum

External Links

ChemSpider ID

ChEMBL ID

KEGG Compound ID

Pubchem Compound ID

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

Not Available

Phenol-Explorer ID

660

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

HMDB02434

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

BLQ78-M:BLQ78-M

EAFUS ID

Not Available

Dr. Duke ID

HYDROQUINONE|P-HYDROQUINONE

BIGG ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

C00002656

HET ID

HQE

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

Not Available

GoodScent ID

Not Available

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

Not Available

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

Not Available

Duplicate IDS

Not Available

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Allelochemic		A chemical released by plants that interacts with other organisms, influencing their behavior or growth. Its biological role involves plant defense and communication. Therapeutically, allelochemics have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, with applications in managing anxiety, pain, and infections, as well as potential anticancer uses.	DUKE
Allergenic	50904	A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions.	DUKE
Anti bacterial	33282	An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.	DUKE
Anti hepatomic	35610	An agent that inhibits the growth of liver cancer cells, playing a role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage liver cancer, reducing tumor size and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver malignancies, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.	DUKE
Anti-lithic		An agent that prevents the formation of calculi (kidney stones) or promotes their dissolution, playing a key role in urology. Its therapeutic applications include managing kidney stone disease, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract disorders, helping to alleviate pain and prevent complications.	DUKE
Anti-malarial	33281	An agent that prevents or treats malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It works by targeting the parasite's life cycle, reducing symptoms and preventing transmission. Therapeutically, anti-malarials are used to treat and prevent malaria, as well as to manage related conditions such as babesiosis and toxoplasmosis.	DUKE
Anti-melanomic	35610	An agent that inhibits melanin production, reducing melanoma cell growth. It has therapeutic applications in treating skin cancers, particularly melanoma, and key medical uses include preventing tumor progression and metastasis, as well as managing pigmentation disorders.	DUKE
Anti-melasmic		An agent that reduces melasma, a skin discoloration condition, by inhibiting melanin production. It is therapeutically used to treat hyperpigmentation, commonly occurring during pregnancy or hormonal changes, and has key medical applications in dermatology for skin whitening and brightening treatments.	DUKE
Anti-menorrhagic	52217	An agent that reduces heavy menstrual bleeding, playing a biological role in regulating menstrual flow. Therapeutically, it is used to treat menorrhagia, with key medical applications including managing excessive uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual disorders.	DUKE
Anti mitotic		An agent that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, playing a crucial role in regulating cell growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat cancer by blocking tumor cell proliferation. Key medical uses include chemotherapy for various cancers, such as breast, lung, and colon cancer, to prevent cancer cell division and growth.	DUKE
Anti nephritic	52217	An agent that reduces kidney inflammation, commonly used to manage nephritis and other kidney disorders, helping to prevent kidney damage and promote renal health.	DUKE
Anti-oxidant	22586	An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects.	DUKE
Anti-pertussive	33282	An agent that reduces the severity of pertussis (whooping cough) symptoms, commonly used to manage coughing fits and respiratory distress associated with the disease, often prescribed in combination with antibiotics to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.	DUKE
Anti septic	33281	An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management.	DUKE
Anti-thyreotropic		An antibody that inhibits thyrotropin, regulating thyroid hormone production. It has therapeutic applications in managing thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, and key medical uses include treating conditions like Graves' disease.	DUKE
Anti trypanosomic	33281	An agent that targets and eliminates trypanosomes, parasites causing diseases like sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. It plays a crucial role in treating and preventing these diseases, with therapeutic applications in tropical medicine and key medical uses in treating parasitic infections.	DUKE
Antitumor	35610	An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.	DUKE
Astringent	74783	An agent that constricts or shrinks tissues, reducing bleeding and inflammation. It plays a biological role in wound healing and has therapeutic applications in treating hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and skin irritations. Key medical uses include reducing swelling, stopping bleeding, and protecting mucous membranes, making it useful in various topical and oral preparations.	DUKE
Carcinogenic	50903	An agent that causes cancer, damaging cellular DNA and disrupting normal cell growth. It has no therapeutic applications, but understanding its biological role informs cancer prevention and treatment strategies, with key medical uses in oncology research and risk assessment.	DUKE
Convulsant		An agent that induces convulsions and/or epileptic seizures, acting as a stimulant at low doses. It has no therapeutic applications due to its high risk of causing seizures and excitotoxicity, and is the opposite of an anticonvulsant.	DUKE
Cytotoxic	52209	An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells.	DUKE
Deliriant		A class of hallucinogen that induces solid hallucinations, seamlessly integrating into waking consciousness. It has no established therapeutic applications, but is sometimes used in research to study psychosis and altered states of consciousness. Medical uses are limited due to its potent hallucinogenic effects.	DUKE
Depigmentor		A pigment-suppressing agent that lightens skin, used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma and vitiligo, and has therapeutic applications in dermatology for skin tone evening and brightening.	DUKE
Emetic		An agent that induces vomiting, playing a biological role in expelling toxins from the body. Therapeutically, it is used to treat poisoning, overdose, or gastrointestinal obstruction. Key medical uses include managing drug toxicity and aiding in stomach pumping procedures.	DUKE
Name	48318	flavor	DUKE
Herbicide	24527	A chemical agent that kills or inhibits plant growth, used in agriculture to control weeds and pests. It has no direct biological role or therapeutic applications in human medicine, but its development has led to the creation of related compounds with potential medical uses, such as anticancer agents.	DUKE
Hypertensive		An agent that increases blood pressure, used therapeutically to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock, and medically to manage conditions such as orthostatic hypotension and postural hypotension.	DUKE
Irritant		An agent that causes slight inflammation or discomfort, stimulating a biological response. Therapeutically, it can be used to increase blood flow or stimulate healing. Key medical uses include treating wounds, skin conditions, and respiratory issues, such as congestion, by inducing a mild inflammatory response to promote recovery.	DUKE
Mycoplasma inhibitor		An agent that inhibits growth of Mycoplasma bacteria, used therapeutically to treat Mycoplasma infections, with applications in managing respiratory and urogenital diseases.	DUKE
Pesticide	25944	An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.	DUKE
Tinnitigenic	52217	An agent that induces or exacerbates tinnitus, often used in research to study the condition. Its biological role involves stimulating auditory pathways, and it has therapeutic applications in understanding and developing treatments for tinnitus and hearing disorders. Key medical uses include researching tinnitus mechanisms and testing potential treatments.	DUKE

Enzymes

Name	Gene Name	UniProt ID
Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3	PON3	Q15166
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1	PON1	P27169
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2	PON2	Q15165

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Orotic acid	SMP0124870	Not Available
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Uridine	SMP0124871	Not Available
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Oxalic acid	SMP0124875	Not Available