Showing Compound p-Coumaric acid (FDB002593)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:05:26 UTC

Update date

2020-09-17 15:31:12 UTC

Primary ID

FDB002593

Secondary Accession Numbers

Not Available

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

p-Coumaric acid

Description

trans-4-Coumaric acid or (e)-p-Coumaric acid, the trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid, also known as 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing a cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a neutral compound. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid exists in all living species, from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid is found in highest concentrations in pepper (c. frutescens), pineapples, and sunflowers and in lower concentration in spinachs, kiwis, and sweet oranges. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid has also been detected in wild rices, soursops, garden onions, hyssops, and avocado. This could make 4-hydroxycinnamic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

CAS Number

7400-08-0

Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid	ChEBI
(e)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	ChEBI
(e)-p-Coumaric acid	ChEBI
(e)-p-Hydroxycinnamic acid	ChEBI
4'-HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID	ChEBI
Naringeninic acid	ChEBI
p-Coumaric acid	ChEBI
trans-p-Coumaric acid	ChEBI
trans-p-Coumarinic acid	ChEBI
trans-p-Hydroxycinnamate	ChEBI
trans-p-Hydroxycinnamic acid	ChEBI
trans-4-Hydroxycinnamate	Kegg
4-Hydroxycinnamate	Kegg
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylate	Generator
(e)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate	Generator
(e)-p-Coumarate	Generator
(e)-p-Hydroxycinnamate	Generator
4'-HYDROXYCINNAMate	Generator
Naringeninate	Generator
p-Coumarate	Generator
trans-p-Coumarate	Generator
trans-p-Coumarinate	Generator
4-Coumaric acid, (e)-isomer	MeSH
4-Coumaric acid, (Z)-isomer	MeSH
4-Coumaric acid, disodium salt	MeSH
p-Coumaryl alcohol	MeSH
p-Hydroxycinnamic acid	MeSH
Para-coumaric acid	MeSH
trans-3-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	MeSH
trans-HPPA	MeSH
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate	HMDB
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	HMDB
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylate	HMDB
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid	HMDB
4-Coumarate	HMDB
4-Hydroxy cinnamate	HMDB
4-Hydroxy cinnamic acid	HMDB
4-Hydroxyphenylpropenoate	HMDB
4-Hydroxyphenylpropenoic acid	HMDB
b-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]acrylate	HMDB
b-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]acrylic acid	HMDB
beta-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]acrylate	HMDB
beta-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]acrylic acid	HMDB
cis-P-Coumarate	HMDB
Hydroxycinnamate	HMDB
Hydroxycinnamic acid	HMDB
P-Cumarate	HMDB
P-Cumaric acid	HMDB
P-Hydroxycinnamate	HMDB
P-Hydroxyphenylacrylate	HMDB
P-Hydroxyphenylacrylic acid	HMDB
Para coumarate	HMDB
Para coumaric acid	HMDB
Para-coumarate	HMDB
4-Hydroxycinnamic acid	ChEBI
trans-4-Coumarate	Generator, HMDB
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	HMDB
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid	HMDB
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid	HMDB
(E)-4-Hydroxycinnamic acid	HMDB
4’-Hydroxycinnamic acid	HMDB
p-Cumaric acid	HMDB
p-Hydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid	HMDB
p-Hydroxyphenylacrylic acid	HMDB
p-trans-Coumaric acid	HMDB
trans-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	HMDB
trans-4-Coumaric acid	HMDB
β-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]acrylic acid	HMDB
(2e)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylate	Generator
(2e)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid	ChEBI
(e)-P-Coumarate	Generator
(e)-P-Hydroxycinnamate	Generator
4-Coumaric acid	biospider
p-Cumarate	biospider
p-Hydroxy-cinnamic acid	biospider
p-Hydroxycinnamate	biospider
P-Hydroxycinnamic acid	HMDB
p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 8CI	db_source
p-Hydroxyphenylacrylate	biospider
para-Coumarate	biospider
para-Coumaric acid	biospider
trans-P-Coumarinate	Generator

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1.02 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	1.74	ALOGPS
logP	1.83	ChemAxon
logS	-2.2	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-6	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	57.53 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	45.04 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	16.43 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

C9H8O3

IUPAC name

(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H8O3/c10-8-4-1-7(2-5-8)3-6-9(11)12/h1-6,10H,(H,11,12)/b6-3+

InChI Key

NGSWKAQJJWESNS-ZZXKWVIFSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C=C1

Average Molecular Weight

164.158

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

164.047344122

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Phenylpropanoids and polyketides

Class

Cinnamic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives

Direct Parent

Hydroxycinnamic acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Cinnamic acid
Coumaric acid
Coumaric acid or derivatives
Hydroxycinnamic acid
Styrene
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
Phenol
Monocyclic benzene moiety
Benzenoid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Organic oxide
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

4-coumaric acid (CHEBI:32374 )
Paracoumaryl alcohol derivatives (C00811 )

Ontology

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Enteral:

Ingestion

Source:

Biological:

Microbe

Plant:

Biological location:

Cell and elements:

Extracellular

Cell:

Fibroblast

Subcellular:

Biofluid and excreta:

Role

Biological role:

Nutrient

Industrial application:

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Foods

Cocoa and cocoa products

Grains:

Cereal products:

Whole grain cereal products

Nuts and legumes:

Fruits and vegetables:

Fats and oils:

Oils:

Vegetable oils:

Olive oil

Beverages:

Coffee products

Alcohols:

Fermented alcohols:

Wine:

Red wine

Infusions:

Tea products

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Solid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	C 65.85%; H 4.91%; O 29.24%	DFC
Melting Point	211.5 oC
Boiling Point	Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility	Not Available
Experimental logP	1.79	SANGSTER (1994)
Experimental pKa	4.64
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	Not Available
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	Not Available
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	Not Available

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
EI-MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-03xr-6900000000-348f5c7c030570e0612f	2015-03-01	View Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014m-1981000000-e7648e85764a445a919c	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-066v-3791000000-a5712bbe8401ef499b5a	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-8900000000-3bb023f80c1f54a16adc	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-03xr-5900000000-a364c62c9122c0fbe6de	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014m-1981000000-e7648e85764a445a919c	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-066v-3791000000-a5712bbe8401ef499b5a	Spectrum
GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014m-1891000000-d8804981d3918cac534d	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-014j-2900000000-7075c3e10f9df528109e	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, 2 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00xu-6390000000-3110f0f6eb462a38bb64	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	p-Coumaric acid, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-b58aab08954c973df04e	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-3ddb41572ba36a950e37	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-ccac7f071084bc660095	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-014i-3900000000-5dc8af06da0120779cff	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-00kf-9500000000-9187edc4498ab4345e5a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-3d831c6acd9d3188de2f	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-fbb6439b7d012045f3a8	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-9e18d43a8d86f9b9e72b	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-c45397049a7ba500b332	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-b58aab08954c973df04e	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-3ddb41572ba36a950e37	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-ccac7f071084bc660095	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-014i-3900000000-5dc8af06da0120779cff	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-00kf-9500000000-9187edc4498ab4345e5a	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-3d831c6acd9d3188de2f	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-fbb6439b7d012045f3a8	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-9e18d43a8d86f9b9e72b	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-c6491d0aaba639e3ae07	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-9e18d43a8d86f9b9e72b	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-a183cce49af676c95d4e	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-1f13fa0e7a24be298cfb	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-00kf-9200000000-206402014014906dbe29	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-52) , Positive	splash10-03di-8900000000-3bb023f80c1f54a16adc	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-00kb-3900000000-1118928776a5a6e213db	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , Positive	splash10-0002-0900000000-c5faa58d353ca1466c3c	2017-09-14	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, DMSO, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, DMSO, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum

External Links

ChemSpider ID

ChEMBL ID

KEGG Compound ID

Pubchem Compound ID

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

Not Available

Phenol-Explorer ID

500

DrugBank ID

DB04066

HMDB ID

HMDB02035

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

CMP73-U:CMP73-U

EAFUS ID

Not Available

Dr. Duke ID

4-HYDROXYCINNAMIC-ACID|P-COUMARIC-ACID|P-HYDROXYCINNAMIC-ACID

BIGG ID

36077

KNApSAcK ID

C00000152

HET ID

HC4

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

Not Available

GoodScent ID

Not Available

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

Coumaric_acid

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

454

Duplicate IDS

Not Available

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Aldose reductase inhibitor	48550	An agent that blocks the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism. It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly used in managing diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.	DUKE
Allelopathic		Biochemicals that inhibit growth, survival, or reproduction in other organisms, with potential therapeutic applications in weed control, antimicrobial, and anticancer treatments, and key medical uses in developing novel pesticides, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutics.	DUKE
Anti bacterial	33282	An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.	DUKE
Anti-clastogen		An agent that inhibits mutagenic agents, preventing chromosome breakage and disruption, used to reduce genetic damage and cancer risk, with therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, and key medical uses in protecting against radiation and chemical-induced DNA damage.	DUKE
Anti-fertility		An agent that inhibits reproduction, playing a biological role in population control. Therapeutically, it's used as a contraceptive, with key medical applications in family planning and birth control, preventing unwanted pregnancies and managing reproductive health.	DUKE
Anti hepatotoxic	62868	An agent that protects the liver from damage, reducing toxicity and promoting liver health. It plays a biological role in preventing liver injury and supporting liver function. Therapeutically, it is used to treat liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and to counteract liver-damaging effects of certain medications and toxins.	DUKE
Anti leukemic	35610	An agent that targets and inhibits the growth of leukemia cells, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to induce remission, manage symptoms, and improve survival rates in patients with leukemia. Key medical uses include treating acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, and other hematological malignancies.	DUKE
Anti-nitrosaminic		An agent that inhibits the formation of nitrosamines, carcinogenic compounds. It plays a biological role in cancer prevention, with therapeutic applications in reducing the risk of tobacco-related and other cancers. Key medical uses include chemoprevention and protection against carcinogenic exposures.	DUKE
Anti-oxidant	22586	An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects.	DUKE
Anti peroxidant		An agent that prevents oxygen atom and peroxide formation, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. It plays a biological role in protecting cells from free radicals. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like cancer, Alzheimer's, and atherosclerosis, with key medical applications in neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, and anti-aging.	DUKE
Anti septic	33281	An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management.	DUKE
Anti-spasmodic	52217	An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort.	DUKE
Antitumor	35610	An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.	DUKE
Cancer preventive	35610	An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.	DUKE
Chemopreventive	35610	An agent that prevents or delays the development of cancer, reducing the risk of tumor formation and progression. It plays a biological role in inhibiting carcinogenesis, and has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention, with key medical uses including reducing the risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers.	DUKE
Choleretic		An agent that increases bile production and secretion from the liver, enhancing digestion and fat absorption. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gallstones, liver disease, and indigestion, promoting healthy bile flow and liver function.	DUKE
Cytotoxic	52209	An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells.	DUKE
Diaphoretic		An agent that induces perspiration, playing a biological role in thermoregulation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat fever, detoxify, and relieve congestion. Key medical uses include managing hyperthermia, aiding in toxin removal, and alleviating symptoms of colds and flu.	DUKE
Fungicide	24127	An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage.	DUKE
Lipoxygenase inhibitor	35856	An agent that blocks the activity of lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. Key medical uses include treating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.	DUKE
Pesticide	25944	An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.	DUKE
Prostaglandigenic		An agent that promotes the production of prostaglandins, which are hormonelike compounds that stimulate uterine contractions, among other effects. Therapeutically, prostaglandigenic agents are used to induce labor, manage postpartum hemorrhage, and treat certain gynecological conditions, showcasing their key role in obstetrics and women's health.	DUKE
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor	35222	An agent that blocks the production of prostaglandins, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and fever, commonly found in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).	DUKE
Tyrosinase inhibitor	59997	An agent that blocks the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, reducing skin pigmentation. Therapeutically used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma and vitiligo, and as a skin-lightening agent in dermatology.	DUKE