| Record Information |
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| Version | 1.0 |
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| Creation date | 2010-04-08 22:05:52 UTC |
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| Update date | 2019-11-26 02:59:24 UTC |
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| Primary ID | FDB003582 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | Not Available |
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| Chemical Information |
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| FooDB Name | Copper |
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| Description | Copper (pronounced /?k?p?r/, KOP-?r) is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable and a freshly-exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. It is used as a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.; Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form (for example, in Michigan's Keewenaw Peninsula). It is a polycrystal, with the largest single crystals measuring 4.4x3.2x3.2 cm3. Minerals such as the sulfides: chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu2S) are sources of copper, as are the carbonates: azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2) and the oxide: cuprite (Cu2O).; Copper compounds are known in several oxidation states, usually 2+, where they often impart blue or green colors to natural minerals such as turquoise and have been used historically widely as pigments. Copper as both metal and pigmented salt, has a significant presence in decorative art. Copper 2+ ions are soluble in water, where they function at low concentration as bacteriostatic substances and fungicides. For this reason, copper metal can be used as an anti-germ surface that can add to the anti-bacterial and antimicrobial features of buildings such as hospitals. In sufficient amounts, copper salts can be poisonous to higher organisms as well. However, despite universal toxicity at high concentrations, the 2+ copper ion at lower concentrations is an essential trace nutrient to all higher plant and animal life. In animals, including humans, it is found widely in tissues, with concentration in liver, muscle, and bone. It functions as a co-factor in various enzymes and in copper-based pigments.; Copper has a reddish, orangish, or brownish color because a thin layer of tarnish (including oxides) gradually forms on its surface when gases (especially oxygen) in the air react with it. But pure copper, when fresh, is actually a pinkish or peachy metal. Copper, caesium and gold are the only three elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. The usual gray color of metals depends on their "electron sea" that is capable of absorbing and re-emitting photons over a wide range of frequencies. Copper has its characteristic color because of its unique band structure. By Madelung's rule the 4s subshell should be filled before electrons are placed in the 3d subshell but copper is an exception to the rule with only one electron in the 4s subshell instead of two. The energy of a photon of blue or violet light is sufficient for a d band electron to absorb it and transition to the half-full s band. Thus the light reflected by copper is missing some blue/violet components and appears red. This phenomenon is shared with gold which has a corresponding 5s/4d structure. In its liquefied state, a pure copper surface without ambient light appears somewhat greenish, a characteristic shared with gold. When liquid copper is in bright ambient light, it retains some of its pinkish luster. When copper is burnt in oxygen it gives off a black oxide.; Copper is a finite resource, but, unlike oil, it is not destroyed and therefore can be recycled. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world.; Copper is malleable and ductile and is a good conductor of both heat and electricity.; Copper, as native copper, is one of the few metals to occur naturally as an un-compounded mineral. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. Some estimates of copper's discovery place this event around 9000 BC in the Middle East. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. It is probable that gold and meteoritic iron were the only metals used by humans before copper. By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting: the refining of copper from simple copper compounds such as malachite or azurite. Among archaeological sites in Anatolia, Çatal Höyük (~6000 BC) features native copper artifacts and smelted lead beads, but no smelted copper. Can Hasan (~5000 BC) had access to smelted copper but the oldest smelted copper artifact found (a copper chisel from the chalcolithic site of Prokuplje in Serbia) has pre-dated Can Hasan by 500 years. The smelting facilities in the Balkans appear to be more advanced than the Turkish forges found at a later date, so it is quite probable that copper smelting originated in the Balkans. Investment casting was realized in 4500-4000 BCE in Southeast Asia.; It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day. On the other hand, professional research on the subject recommends 3.0 mg/day. Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake, copper deficiency can often produce anemia-like symptoms. In humans, the symptoms of Wilson's disease are caused by an accumulation of copper in body tissues.; Numerous copper alloys exist, many with important historical and contemporary uses. Speculum metal and bronze are alloys of copper and tin. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Monel metal, also called cupronickel, is an alloy of copper and nickel. While the metal "bronze" usually refers to copper-tin alloys, it also is a generic term for any alloy of copper, such as aluminium bronze, silicon bronze, and manganese bronze. Copper is one of the most important constituents of carat silver and gold alloys and carat solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys.; The catalytic activity of copper is used by the enzymes that it is associated with and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. This increase in unmediated reactive radicals is generally termed oxidative stress and is an active area of research in a variety of diseases where copper may play an important but more subtle role than in acute toxicity. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms.; The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water.; The purity of copper is expressed as 4N for 99.99% pure or 7N for 99.99999% pure. The numeral gives the number of nines after the decimal point when expressed as a decimal (e.g. 4N means 0.9999, or 99.99%). Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. |
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| CAS Number | 7440-50-8 |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | Source |
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| 29Cu | ChEBI | | Cobre | ChEBI | | Cu | ChEBI | | Cuivre | ChEBI | | Cuprum | ChEBI | | Kupfer | ChEBI | | Cu+ | Kegg | | Cu2+ | Kegg | | Cu(II) | Kegg | | Copper-63 | MeSH | | Copper 63 | MeSH | | Allbri natural copper | biospider | | Anode copper | biospider | | Arwood copper | biospider | | Blister copper | biospider | | Bronze powder | biospider | | C 100 (metal) | biospider | | C.I. Pigment Metal 2 | biospider | | Casting copper | biospider | | Cathode copper | biospider | | CDX (metal) | biospider | | CE 7 (metal) | biospider | | Chelazome Copper Cap 5mg | biospider | | CI Pigment metal 2 | biospider | | COPPER (II) ion | ChEBI | | Copper 2mg | biospider | | Copper bronze | biospider | | Copper Caps 2mg | biospider | | Copper citrate | biospider | | Copper dust | biospider | | Copper fulleride (CuC20) | biospider | | Copper M 1 | biospider | | Copper metal powder | biospider | | Copper powder | biospider | | Copper precipitates | biospider | | Copper slag-airborne | biospider | | Copper slag-milled | biospider | | COPPER T MODEL TCU 380A | biospider | | Copper-airborne | biospider | | Copper-milled | biospider | | Copper, dusts and mists | biospider | | Copper, elemental | biospider | | Copper, fume | biospider | | Copper, ion (cu2+) | ChEBI | | Copper, Isotope Of Mass 64 | biospider | | Copper, metallic powder | biospider | | copper(0) | biospider | | copper(3+) | biospider | | copper(3+) ion | biospider | | Copper(II) cation | ChEBI | | Copper(III) cation | biospider | | CU | biospider | | CU M3 | biospider | | Cu(2+) | ChEBI | | Cu(III) | biospider | | Cuivre Oligosol Liq 5.18mg/2ml | biospider | | CUN | biospider | | Cupric ion | ChEBI | | Cuprum Gtte 4ch-30ch | biospider | | Cuprum met. | biospider | | Cuprum metallicum | biospider | | Cuprum Metallicum 4ch-30ch | biospider | | Cuprum Metallicum Liquid (S#103)-Liq | biospider | | Cuprum Sulfuricum Granule 1ch-30ch | biospider | | Cuprum sulphuricum | biospider | | Cuprum-Injeel Forte Liq (6d,12d,30d,200d/1.1ml) | biospider | | E 115 (metal) | biospider | | Electrolytic refinery billet copper | biospider | | Electrolytic refinery wirebar copper | biospider | | Gold bronze | biospider | | HVP chelated copper | biospider | | Kafar copper | biospider | | M1 (Copper) | biospider | | M2 (Copper) | biospider | | M3 (Copper) | biospider | | M4 (Copper) | biospider | | Micro cu | biospider | | Ofhc cu | biospider | | Opti-copper caplet | biospider | | Paragard T 380a | biospider | | Pekana - cuprum metallicum | biospider | | Pigment metal 2 | biospider | | RAME | biospider | | Raney copper | biospider | | Tatum-t | biospider |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Chemical Formula | Cu |
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| IUPAC name | copper |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Cu |
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| InChI Key | RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Isomeric SMILES | [Cu] |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 63.546 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 62.929601079 |
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| Classification |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds |
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| Class | Homogeneous transition metal compounds |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Homogeneous transition metal compounds |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | - Homogeneous transition metal
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Ontology | No ontology term |
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| Physico-Chemical Properties |
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| Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Physical state | Solid | |
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| Physical Description | Not Available | |
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| Mass Composition | Not Available | |
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| Melting Point | 1083 oC | |
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| Boiling Point | Not Available | |
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| Experimental Water Solubility | Not Available | |
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| Experimental logP | Not Available | |
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| Experimental pKa | Not Available | |
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| Isoelectric point | Not Available | |
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| Charge | Not Available | |
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| Optical Rotation | Not Available | |
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| Spectroscopic UV Data | Not Available | |
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| Density | Not Available | |
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| Refractive Index | Not Available | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | |
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| EI-MS/GC-MS | Not Available |
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| MS/MS | | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65 | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65 | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65 | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum |
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| NMR | Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| ChemSpider ID | 25221 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C00070 |
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| Pubchem Compound ID | 27099 |
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| Pubchem Substance ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 30052 |
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| Phenol-Explorer ID | Not Available |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB00657 |
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| CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID | Not Available |
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| EAFUS ID | Not Available |
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| Dr. Duke ID | COPPER |
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| BIGG ID | Not Available |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| HET ID | CU |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | Not Available |
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| Flavornet ID | Not Available |
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| GoodScent ID | Not Available |
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| SuperScent ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia ID | Copper |
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| Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID | Not Available |
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| Duplicate IDS | Not Available |
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| Old DFC IDS | Not Available |
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| Associated Foods |
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| Food | Content Range | Average | Reference |
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| Food | | | Reference |
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| Biological Effects and Interactions |
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| Health Effects / Bioactivities | | Descriptor | ID | Definition | Reference |
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| Anti-anemic | 52217 | An agent that treats or prevents anemia by increasing red blood cell production or enhancing iron utilization, commonly used to manage iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and other blood disorders, promoting healthy oxygen delivery to tissues and organs. | DUKE | | Anti-arthritic | 52217 | An agent that reduces joint inflammation and alleviates symptoms of arthritis, commonly used in managing rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory joint disorders, to improve mobility and quality of life. | DUKE | | Anti-diabetic | 52217 | An agent that regulates blood sugar levels, enhancing insulin sensitivity or secretion. Therapeutically, it's used to manage diabetes, reducing symptoms and complications, and commonly prescribed to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes. | DUKE | | Anti-fatigue | 52217 | An agent that reduces physical and mental exhaustion, enhancing endurance and vitality. It plays a biological role in regulating energy metabolism and mitigating oxidative stress. Therapeutically, anti-fatigue agents are used to manage chronic fatigue syndrome, improve athletic performance, and alleviate symptoms of anemia and other debilitating conditions. | DUKE | | Anti-inflammatory | 35472 | An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis. | DUKE | | Anti nociceptive | 35470 | An agent that reduces the sensitivity to painful stimuli, blocking the transmission of pain signals. Its biological role is to modulate pain perception, with therapeutic applications in managing acute and chronic pain. Key medical uses include treating headaches, arthritis, and post-surgical pain, as well as providing relief for cancer and neuropathic pain. | DUKE | | Anti osteoporotic | 52217 | An agent that prevents or treats osteoporosis by promoting bone density, reducing bone resorption, and increasing calcium absorption, commonly used in managing osteoporosis, osteopenia, and preventing fractures. | DUKE | | Cardioprotective | 38070 | An agent that protects the heart from damage, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. It plays a biological role in mitigating cardiac stress and injury, with therapeutic applications in preventing heart attacks, strokes, and arrhythmias, and key medical uses in treating hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. | DUKE | | Contraceptive | 52217 | An agent that prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation, fertilization, or implantation, used to control birth rates, manage menstrual disorders, and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, commonly applied in various forms such as pills, injections, and barrier methods. | DUKE | | Hypocholesterolemic | | An agent that lowers cholesterol levels in the blood, playing a crucial role in preventing cardiovascular disease. Therapeutically, it is used to manage hyperlipidemia and reduce the risk of heart disease, with key medical applications including the treatment of high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. | DUKE | | Immunomodulator | 50846 | An agent that regulates the immune system, modifying its response to maintain balance. Therapeutically, it's used to treat autoimmune diseases, prevent transplant rejection, and manage chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. | DUKE | | Schizophrenigenic | | An agent that induces or exacerbates schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and distorted reality perception. Its biological role involves disrupting normal brain function, particularly in dopamine and serotonin systems. Therapeutically, it has no direct applications, but understanding its effects can inform treatment strategies for schizophrenia. Key medical uses include research into schizophrenia's underlying mechanisms and development of antipsychotic medications to manage the disorder. | DUKE |
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| Enzymes | | Name | Gene Name | UniProt ID |
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| CP protein | CP | A5PL27 |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Metabolism | Not Available |
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| Biosynthesis | Not Available |
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| Organoleptic Properties |
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| Flavours | Not Available |
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| Files |
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| MSDS | show |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| General Reference | Not Available |
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| Content Reference | — Saxholt, E., et al. 'Danish food composition databank, revision 7.' Department of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (2008).
— U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page.
— Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004).
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