Record Information |
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Version | 1.0 |
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Creation date | 2010-04-08 22:05:56 UTC |
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Update date | 2019-11-26 02:59:34 UTC |
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Primary ID | FDB003766 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | Not Available |
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Chemical Information |
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FooDB Name | Cadmium |
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Description | Cadmium (group IIB of the periodic table of elements) is a heavy metal posing severe risks to human health. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Up to this day, it could not be shown that cadmium has any physiological function within the human body. Interest has therefore risen in its biohazardous potential. As first described by Friedrich Stromeyer (Gottingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium intoxication can lead to kidney, bone, and pulmonary damages.; Cadmium is regularly found in ores together with zinc, copper and lead. Therefore volcanic activity is one natural reason for a temporary increase in environmental cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is widely used in industrial processes, e.g as an anticorrosive agent, as a stabilizer in PVC products, as a colour pigment, a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and in the fabrication of nickel cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also show a big cadmium load. Although some cadmium containing products can be recycled, a large share of the general cadmium pollution is caused by dumping and incinerating cadmium polluted waste. In Scandinavia for example, cadmium concentration in agricultural soil increases by 0.2 percent per year. Total global emission of cadmium amounts to 7000 t/year.; The maximum permissible value for workers according to German law is 15 ug/l. For comparison: Non-smokers show an average cadmium blood concentration of 0.5 ug/l.; Basically there are three possible ways of cadmium resorption: Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dermal. The uptake through the human gastrointestinal is approximately 5 percent of an ingested amount of cadmium, depending on the exact dose and nutritional composition. The major source of inhalative cadmium intoxication is cigarette smoke. The human lung resorbes 40 to 60 percent of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Little research has been done on dermal absorption of cadmium. Two mechanisms facilitate cadmium absorption by the skin: binding of a free cadmium ion to sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratins, or an induction and complexing with metallothionein. Once taken up by the blood, the majority of cadmium is transported bound to proteins, such as Albumin and Metallothionein.; The first organ reached after uptake into the GI-blood is the liver. Here cadmium induces the production of Metallothionein. After consecutive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, Cd-Metallothionein complexes are washed into sinusoidal blood. From here, parts of the absorbed cadmium enter the entero-hepatical cycle via secretion into the biliary tract in form of Cadmium-glutathione conjugates. Enzymatically degraded to cadmium-cysteine complexes in the biliary tree, cadmium reenters the small intestines. The main organ for long-term cadmium accumulation is the kidney. Here the half life period for cadmium is approx. 10 years. A life long intake can therefore lead to a cadmium accumulation in the kidney, consequently resulting in tubulus cell necrosis. The blood concentration of cadmium serves as a reliable indicator for a recent exposition, while the urinary concentration reflects past exposure, body burden and renal accumulation. Excretion of Cadmium takes place via faeces and urine. (PMID: 16961932); Cadmium (pronounced /?kædmi?m/, KAD-mee-?m) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. The soft, bluish-white transition metal is chemically similar to the two other metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low melting point for a transition metal. Cadmium is a relatively abundant element. Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer as an impurity in zinc carbonate.; Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1,4% of cadmium. In 1970s the output of cadmium was 6.5 pounds per ton of zinc. Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen, converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution.; Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms more complex compounds.; Cadmium is also a potential environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes. However, there have been notable instances of toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. In the decades leading up to World War II, Japanese mining operations contaminated the Jinzu River with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. The local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed Itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria. Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which bans certain hazardous substances in electronics.; Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a by-product of zinc production. Cadmium was for a long time used as pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel. Cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic. With the exception of its use in nickel-cadmium batteries, the use of cadmium is generally decreasing in all other applications. This decrease is due to the high toxicity and carcinogenicity of cadmium and the associated health and environmental concerns. Although cadmium is toxic, one enzyme, a carbonic anhydrase with a cadmium as reactive centre has been discovered.; Cadmium poisoning is an occupational hazard associated with industrial processes such as metal plating and the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, plastics, and other synthetics. The primary route of exposure in industrial settings is inhalation. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death. |
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CAS Number | 7440-43-9 |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | Source |
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48cd | ChEBI | Cadmio | ChEBI | Cd | ChEBI | Kadmium | ChEBI | Cadmium [cadmium and cadmium compounds] | biospider | Cadmium [cadmium and certain cadmium compounds] | biospider | Cadmium atom | biospider | Cadmium bromatum | biospider | Cadmium compounds | biospider | Cadmium elemental | biospider | Cadmium iodatum | biospider | CADMIUM ion | ChEBI | Cadmium metallicum | biospider | Cadmium muriaticum | biospider | Cadmium sulfuratum | biospider | Cadmium sulfuricum | biospider | Cadmium sulphuratum | biospider | Cadmium sulphuricum | biospider | Cadmium Sulphuricum Liquid (S No. 43) | biospider | CADMIUM, 99.95% | biospider | Cadmium, elemental | biospider | Cadmium, ion (cd2+) | ChEBI | Cadmium, Isotope Of Mass 113 | biospider | Cadmium, mass of 135 | biospider | CD | biospider | Cd(2+) | ChEBI | Cd2+ | ChEBI | Colloidal cadmium | biospider |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Chemical Formula | Cd |
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IUPAC name | cadmium |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Cd |
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InChI Key | BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Isomeric SMILES | [Cd] |
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Average Molecular Weight | 112.411 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 113.903358121 |
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Classification |
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Description | Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. |
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Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds |
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Class | Homogeneous transition metal compounds |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Homogeneous transition metal compounds |
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Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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Substituents | - Homogeneous transition metal
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Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Ontology | No ontology term |
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Physico-Chemical Properties |
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Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental | Property | Value | Reference |
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Physical state | Solid | |
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Physical Description | Not Available | |
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Mass Composition | Not Available | |
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Melting Point | 321 oC | |
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Boiling Point | Not Available | |
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Experimental Water Solubility | Not Available | |
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Experimental logP | Not Available | |
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Experimental pKa | Not Available | |
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Isoelectric point | Not Available | |
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Charge | Not Available | |
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Optical Rotation | Not Available | |
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Spectroscopic UV Data | Not Available | |
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Density | Not Available | |
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Refractive Index | Not Available | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | |
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EI-MS/GC-MS | Not Available |
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MS/MS | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-03di-0900000000-f8713a66369086ec0ad5 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-03di-0900000000-f8713a66369086ec0ad5 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-03di-0900000000-f8713a66369086ec0ad5 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-03di-0900000000-c6c3e3d7e513c880c7f4 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-03di-0900000000-c6c3e3d7e513c880c7f4 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-03di-0900000000-c6c3e3d7e513c880c7f4 | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum |
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NMR | Not Available |
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External Links |
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ChemSpider ID | 28935 |
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ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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KEGG Compound ID | C01413 |
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Pubchem Compound ID | 31193 |
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Pubchem Substance ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 22977 |
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Phenol-Explorer ID | Not Available |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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HMDB ID | HMDB03638 |
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CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID | Not Available |
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EAFUS ID | Not Available |
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Dr. Duke ID | CADMIUM |
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BIGG ID | Not Available |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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HET ID | CD |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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Flavornet ID | Not Available |
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GoodScent ID | Not Available |
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SuperScent ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia ID | Cadmium |
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Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID | Not Available |
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Duplicate IDS | Not Available |
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Old DFC IDS | Not Available |
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Associated Foods |
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Food | Content Range | Average | Reference |
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Food | | | Reference |
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Biological Effects and Interactions |
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Health Effects / Bioactivities | |
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Enzymes | Not Available |
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Pathways | Not Available |
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Metabolism | Not Available |
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Biosynthesis | Not Available |
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Organoleptic Properties |
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Flavours | Not Available |
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Files |
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MSDS | show |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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General Reference | Not Available |
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Content Reference | — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004). — Saxholt, E., et al. 'Danish food composition databank, revision 7.' Department of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (2008).
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