| Allergenic | 50904 | A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions. | DUKE |
| Analgesic | 35480 | An agent that relieves pain by reducing or blocking pain signals in the brain, commonly used to manage acute or chronic pain, inflammation, and fever, with therapeutic applications in surgery, injury, and disease treatment. | DUKE |
| Anesthetic | | A drug that induces a reversible loss of sensation, used to prevent pain and discomfort during medical procedures, surgeries, and diagnostic tests, promoting patient comfort and facilitating treatment. | DUKE |
| Anhydrotic | | An agent that suppresses sweating, used to treat hyperhidrosis. It reduces sweat gland activity, often applied in managing excessive sweating disorders and conditions like anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, where sweat glands are absent or underdeveloped. | DUKE |
| Anti-anoxic | 52217 | An agent that protects against oxygen deficiency, playing a crucial role in preventing tissue damage. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like ischemia and hypoxia. Key medical applications include treating cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and altitude sickness, helping to mitigate oxidative stress and promote cellular survival. | DUKE |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 38070 | An agent that regulates heart rhythm, correcting irregular heartbeat patterns. Therapeutically, it restores normal cardiac function, commonly used to manage arrhythmias, prevent sudden cardiac death, and treat conditions like atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. | DUKE |
| Anti-asthmatic | 49167 | An agent that relieves bronchospasm and inflammation, commonly used to manage asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders, improving lung function and overall respiratory health. | DUKE |
| Anti-bradycardic | 38070 | An agent that increases heart rate, counteracting bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate). Its biological role is to stimulate the heart, and it has therapeutic applications in treating symptomatic bradycardia, hypotension, and heart block. Key medical uses include emergency treatment of bradycardia-induced hypotension and as a adjunct therapy in cardiac arrest management. | DUKE |
| Anti cholinergic | 38323 | An agent that blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, reducing muscle contractions and secretions. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like overactive bladder, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory issues, as well as to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease and motion sickness. | DUKE |
| Antidote | 50247 | An agent that counteracts a poison or toxin, neutralizing its harmful effects. It plays a biological role in reversing toxicity, and has therapeutic applications in treating poisoning, overdose, and envenomation. Key medical uses include emergency treatment for snake bites, drug overdose, and chemical exposure. | DUKE |
| Anti emetic | 50919 | An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting, playing a crucial role in managing chemotherapy-induced, motion-induced, and post-operative nausea. Therapeutically, it helps reduce discomfort and prevent dehydration, commonly used in oncology, gastroenterology, and anesthesia. | DUKE |
| Anti emphysemic | 52217 | An agent that protects against emphysema, a lung disease. It helps maintain lung function, reduces inflammation, and prevents damage to alveoli. Therapeutically, anti-emphysemics are used to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other respiratory disorders, improving breathing and overall lung health. | DUKE |
| Anti enuretic | | An agent that prevents involuntary discharge of urine, treating enuresis. It regulates bladder control, commonly used in managing nocturnal enuresis and daytime incontinence in children and adults. | DUKE |
| Anti-herpetic | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of herpes viruses, reducing symptoms and severity of infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, commonly used in managing genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles. | DUKE |
| Anti iritic | | An agent that relieves inflammation of the iris, reducing symptoms of iritis. Therapeutically, it is used to treat uveitis and other inflammatory eye conditions, promoting healing and preventing vision loss. Key medical uses include managing ocular inflammation and pain. | DUKE |
| Anti-muscarinic | 48876 | An agent that blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, reducing smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions. Therapeutically used to treat conditions such as overactive bladder, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory issues like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. | DUKE |
| Anti-Parkinsonian | 48407 | An agent that alleviates symptoms of Parkinson's disease, enhancing dopamine levels and improving motor function, commonly used to manage tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia in neurodegenerative disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti peristaltic | | An agent that opposes the force of peristalsis, reducing muscle contractions in the digestive tract. Its biological role is to slow down gut movement, and it has therapeutic applications in managing diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastrointestinal spasms. Key medical uses include treating bowel disorders and preventing opioid-induced constipation. | DUKE |
| Anti-perspirant | | An agent that controls sweat and body odor by preventing sweat from reaching the skin surface or reducing bacteria that causes odor, commonly used for personal hygiene and managing hyperhidrosis. | DUKE |
| Anti-pertussic | 33282 | An agent that counteracts the effects of pertussis toxin, reducing the severity of whooping cough symptoms. Therapeutically, it is used to manage and prevent the spread of pertussis, commonly used in vaccines and treatments for Bordetella pertussis infections. | DUKE |
| Anti polio | 22587 | An agent that prevents poliovirus infection, inducing immunity to protect against poliomyelitis. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent and control polio outbreaks, commonly administered through vaccination to promote herd immunity and eradicate the disease. | DUKE |
| Anti sialogogue | | An agent that reduces saliva production, playing a biological role in managing oral secretions. Therapeutically, it is used to decrease drooling, facilitate dental procedures, and prevent aspiration. Key medical uses include treating hypersalivation in neurological disorders, such as cerebral palsy, and managing secretions during surgery. | DUKE |
| Anti-spasmodic | 52217 | An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort. | DUKE |
| Anti ulcer | 49201 | An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms. | DUKE |
| Anti-uveitic | | An agent that relieves inflammation of the uvea, reducing symptoms and preventing tissue damage. Its biological role is to suppress the immune response, and its therapeutic applications include treating uveitis, a form of eye inflammation. Key medical uses include managing ocular inflammation and preventing vision loss. | DUKE |
| Anti vertigo | 52217 | An agent that alleviates vertigo symptoms, commonly used in managing balance disorders, inner ear conditions, and motion sickness, by regulating vestibular function and stabilizing inner ear balance. | DUKE |
| Anti-viral | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19. | DUKE |
| Bronchodilator | 35523 | An agent that relaxes airway muscles, increasing airflow to the lungs. It reduces bronchospasm, commonly used in managing asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders to improve breathing and relieve symptoms. | DUKE |
| Choleretic | | An agent that increases bile production and secretion from the liver, enhancing digestion and fat absorption. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gallstones, liver disease, and indigestion, promoting healthy bile flow and liver function. | DUKE |
| Central nervous system depressant | 35470 | An agent that slows brain activity, reducing anxiety, stress, and excitability. Therapeutically, it's used to manage insomnia, seizures, and anxiety disorders, promoting relaxation and sedation. Key medical uses include treating insomnia, epilepsy, and panic disorders, as well as inducing anesthesia. | DUKE |
| Central nervous system stimulant | 35470 | An agent that increases alertness and activity by enhancing neurotransmitter release, used therapeutically to manage attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and fatigue, and to improve cognitive function and mood. | DUKE |
| Hyperpyrexic | | A condition characterized by extremely high fever. Its biological role involves stimulating the immune system to fight infections. Therapeutically, hyperpyrexic agents can be used to treat certain infections and cancers. Key medical uses include inducing fever to enhance immune response and treating conditions like cancer, where elevated body temperature can help kill cancer cells. | DUKE |
| Insecticide | 24852 | An agent that kills or repels insects, used to control pests and prevent disease transmission. Therapeutically, insecticides have applications in public health and veterinary medicine, key medical uses include controlling insect-borne diseases such as malaria, typhus, and Lyme disease. | DUKE |
| Mydriatic | 50513 | An agent that dilates the pupils, blocking the parasympathetic control of the iris sphincter muscle. Its biological role is to reduce light sensitivity and improve examination of the retina and optic nerve. Therapeutically, mydriatics are used in ophthalmology for diagnostic purposes, such as eye exams, and to treat conditions like uveitis. Key medical uses include cycloplegic refraction and fundus examination. | DUKE |
| Myorelaxant | | An agent that reduces muscle contractility by blocking nerve impulses or decreasing motor end plate excitability, used therapeutically to relieve muscle spasms, tension, and pain, commonly in managing musculoskeletal disorders, anxiety, and insomnia. | DUKE |
| Neurotoxic | 50910 | A substance that damages or destroys nerve cells, disrupting normal brain function. It has no therapeutic applications, but is used in research to study neurodegenerative diseases. Key medical uses include understanding and developing treatments for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, where neurotoxicity plays a role. | DUKE |
| Paralytic | | An agent that induces temporary paralysis or muscle relaxation, used therapeutically to facilitate surgical procedures, manage muscle spasms, and treat conditions like tetanus and seizures, by blocking nerve transmission to muscles. | DUKE |
| Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE |
| Psychotomimetic | 35470 | An agent that mimics psychotic symptoms, altering perception and thought. Its biological role involves modulating neurotransmitter activity, particularly serotonin and dopamine. Therapeutically, it has applications in research and treatment of psychiatric disorders, with key medical uses including modeling schizophrenia and studying hallucinogenic effects. | DUKE |
| Tachycardic | 38070 | An agent that increases heart rate, playing a biological role in stress response and exercise. Therapeutically, it is used to manage bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate) and cardiac arrest. Key medical uses include treating symptomatic bradycardia, Adams-Stokes syndrome, and asystole, helping to restore normal heart rhythm and maintain adequate blood circulation. | DUKE |
| Transdermal | | A route of administration where active ingredients are delivered through the skin for systemic distribution, used therapeutically to manage conditions like pain, hormone replacement, and smoking cessation, with key medical applications including patches and implants for controlled release of medications. | DUKE |
| Tumorigenic | 50903 | An agent or factor that promotes tumor formation and growth, playing a key role in cancer development. Therapeutically, understanding tumorigenic mechanisms informs cancer treatment strategies, with applications in oncology for developing targeted therapies to inhibit tumor growth and progression. | DUKE |
| Vasodilator | 35620 | An agent that widens blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and increasing blood flow. It plays a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, vasodilators are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, angina, and heart failure, improving oxygen delivery and reducing cardiac workload. | DUKE |
