<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2010-04-08 22:10:29 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2026-09-18 18:04:55 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>FDB013034</accession>
  <name>Oleanolic acid</name>
  <description>Occurs as glycosides in cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), olive leaves, etc. Very widely distributed aglycone

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid, widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, related to betulinic acid. It can be found in Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed), and Syzygium spp, garlic, etc. It is relatively non-toxic, antitumor, and hepatoprotective, as well as exhibiting antiviral properties. </description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(+)-Oleanolic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(3-beta)-3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate</synonym>
    <synonym>(3-beta)-3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(3.beta.)-3-beta-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>(3.beta.)-3-beta-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(3.beta.)-3-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>(3.beta.)-3-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(4AS,5S,6as,6br,8R,8ar,10S,12ar,12br,14bs)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-octadecahydro-2H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3-beta-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3-beta-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3.beta.-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3.beta.-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3b-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3b-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3beta-Hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3beta-Hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3beta-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3beta-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oate</synonym>
    <synonym>3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-Oic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Astrantiagenin C</synonym>
    <synonym>Caryophyllin</synonym>
    <synonym>Giganteumgenin C</synonym>
    <synonym>Gledigenin 1</synonym>
    <synonym>Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-beta-hydroxy- (8CI)</synonym>
    <synonym>Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3-beta)-</synonym>
    <synonym>Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3&amp;beta;)-</synonym>
    <synonym>Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3&amp;beta;-hydroxy-</synonym>
    <synonym>Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3beta-hydroxy- (8CI)</synonym>
    <synonym>Oleanate</synonym>
    <synonym>Oleanic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Oleanolic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Virgaureagenin B</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C30H48O3</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>456.711</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>456.360345406</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,12bR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-icosahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>oleanolic acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>508-02-1</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CC1(C)CC[C@@]2(CC[C@]3(C)C(=CC[C@@H]4[C@@]5(C)CC[C@H](O)C(C)(C)[C@@H]5CC[C@@]34C)[C@@H]2C1)C(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpenoids. These are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units.</description>
    <direct_parent>Triterpenoids</direct_parent>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Lipids and lipid-like molecules</super_class>
    <class>Prenol lipids</class>
    <sub_class>Triterpenoids</sub_class>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Cyclic alcohols and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Secondary alcohols</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Cyclic alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Secondary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Triterpenoid</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Oleanane triterpenoids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Oleanane triterpenoids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Oleananes</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>hydroxy monocarboxylic acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>pentacyclic triterpenoid</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>7.09</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-5.75</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>8.17e-04 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>Mp 306-308°</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>6.59</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>4.74</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>-0.84</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>(4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,12bR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-icosahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>456.711</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>456.360345406</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>CC1(C)CC[C@@]2(CC[C@]3(C)C(=CC[C@@H]4[C@@]5(C)CC[C@H](O)C(C)(C)[C@@H]5CC[C@@]34C)[C@@H]2C1)C(O)=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C30H48O3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>57.53</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>133.62</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>54.87</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>-1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2331</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>10506</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31415</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>38393</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>160783</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1883</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1820</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>6346</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>239683</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>239684</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>239685</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>241738</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>241739</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>241740</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2245276</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2249022</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2249381</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2251063</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2251332</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2302791</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2302792</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2302793</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3066803</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3066804</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3066805</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB02364</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id/>
  <kegg_id/>
  <chebi_id>37659</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <het_id/>
  <wikipidia/>
  <vmh_id/>
  <fbonto_id/>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x00007f28fb7a3048&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x00007f28fb7a2e90&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x00007f28fb7a2cd8&gt;</reference>
  </general_references>
  <foods>
    <food>
      <name>American cranberry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Vaccinium macrocarpon</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>13750</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>7916.0</average_value>
      <max_value>7916.0</max_value>
      <min_value>7916.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>American pokeweed</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phytolacca americana</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3527</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Anatidae</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anatidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8830</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Apple</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Malus pumila</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3750</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Beefalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus X Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>297284</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Bilberry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Vaccinium myrtillus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>180763</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Bison</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9901</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Black elderberry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sambucus nigra</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4202</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Buffalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bubalus bubalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>89462</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Cattle (Beef, Veal)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9913</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Chicken</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Gallus gallus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9031</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Cloves</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Syzygium aromaticum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>219868</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>1500.0</average_value>
      <max_value>2000.0</max_value>
      <min_value>1000.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columba</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8930</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common grape</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Vitis vinifera</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>29760</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common oregano</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Origanum vulgare</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>39352</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common sage</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Salvia officinalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>38868</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>43.15</average_value>
      <max_value>46.3</max_value>
      <min_value>40.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Common thyme</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Thymus vulgaris</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>49992</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>630.0</average_value>
      <max_value>630.0</max_value>
      <min_value>630.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Corn</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Zea mays</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4577</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9850</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic goat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>Animal</category>
      <name_scientific>Capra aegagrus hircus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9925</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic pig</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>Animal</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa domesticus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9825</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Elk</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervus canadensis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>1574408</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Emu</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Dromaius novaehollandiae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8790</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>European rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Oryctolagus cuniculus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9984</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fats and oils</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fennel</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Foeniculum vulgare</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>48038</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fig</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ficus carica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3494</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Garden onion</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Allium cepa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4679</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>German camomile</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Matricaria recutita</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>127986</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Greylag goose</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anser anser</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8843</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Guava</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Psidium guajava</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>120290</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Guinea hen</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Numida meleagris</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8996</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Herbs and Spices</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Highbush blueberry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Vaccinium corymbosum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>69266</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Horse</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Equus caballus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9796</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Hyssop</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Hyssopus officinalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>39324</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Japanese persimmon</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Diospyros kaki</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>35925</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Jujube</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ziziphus jujuba</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>48393</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lambsquarters</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Chenopodium album</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3559</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lemon balm</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Melissa officinalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>39338</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Loquat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>Plant</category>
      <name_scientific>Eriobotrya japonica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>32224</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mallard duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anas platyrhynchos</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8839</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mountain hare</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lepus timidus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>62621</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mule deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Odocoileus hemionus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9871</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Nutmeg</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Myristica fragrans</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>51089</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Olive</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Olea europaea</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4146</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Ostrich</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Struthio camelus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8801</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pheasant</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianus colchicus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9054</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pomegranate</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Punica granatum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>22663</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Quail</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9005</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Quinoa</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Chenopodium quinoa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>63459</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Leporidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9979</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rock ptarmigan</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lagopus muta</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>64668</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Root vegetables</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rosemary</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Rosmarinus officinalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>39367</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>526.0</average_value>
      <max_value>1050.0</max_value>
      <min_value>2.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Saffron</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Crocus sativus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>82528</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sheep (Mutton, Lamb)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ovis aries</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9940</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Soft-necked garlic</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Allium sativum L. var. sativum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4682</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sour cherry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Prunus cerasus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>140311</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Spearmint</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Mentha spicata</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>29719</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Squab</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columba</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8931</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Summer savory</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Satureja hortensis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>49987</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>60.0</average_value>
      <max_value>60.0</max_value>
      <min_value>60.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sunflower</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Helianthus annuus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4232</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sweet basil</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ocimum basilicum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>39350</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>130.0</average_value>
      <max_value>130.0</max_value>
      <min_value>130.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sweet cherry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Prunus avium</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>42229</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sweet marjoram</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Origanum majorana</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>268884</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>470.0</average_value>
      <max_value>470.0</max_value>
      <min_value>470.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Towel gourd</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Luffa aegyptiaca</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3670</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Turkey</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Meleagris gallopavo</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9103</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Velvet duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Melanitta fusca</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>371864</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild boar</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9823</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Winter savory</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Satureja montana</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>49988</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
  </foods>
  <flavors>
  </flavors>
  <enzymes>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Acetyl-coenzyme A transporter 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>O00400</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>SLC33A1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4</name>
      <uniprot_id>O60513</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>B4GALT4</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Cap-specific mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q8N1G2</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>CMTR1_HUMAN</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>CMTR1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Endo-1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucanase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q9ZT66</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>E134_MAIZE</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name/>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>L-ascorbate peroxidase 1, cytosolic</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q10N21</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>APX1_ORYSJ</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>APX1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P27480</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>LOXA_PHAVU</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>LOXA</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Liver carboxylesterase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P23141</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>CES1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Mannitol dehydrogenase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P42754</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>MTDH_PETCR</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>ELI3</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q9BQT8</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>SLC25A21</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Monodehydroascorbate reductase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q43497</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>MDAR_SOLLC</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>AFRR</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Ninein</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q8N4C6</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>NIN</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2</name>
      <uniprot_id>O75469</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>NR1I2</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Proactivator polypeptide</name>
      <uniprot_id>P07602</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>PSAP</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Sterol O-acyltransferase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P35610</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>SOAT1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P18031</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name/>
      <gene_name>PTPN1</gene_name>
    </enzyme>
  </enzymes>
  <health_effects>
    <health_effect>
      <name>5-lipoxygenase inhibitor</name>
      <id>10</id>
      <definition>A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Abortifacient</name>
      <id>13</id>
      <definition>A chemical substance that interrupts pregnancy after implantation.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor</name>
      <id>45</id>
      <definition>An EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20).</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Analgesic</name>
      <id>56</id>
      <definition>An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti bacterial</name>
      <id>145</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti carcinomic</name>
      <id>162</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti cariogenic</name>
      <id>165</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti complement</name>
      <id>200</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti glycosation</name>
      <id>304</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti hepatitic</name>
      <id>323</id>
      <definition>Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti hepatotoxic</name>
      <id>328</id>
      <definition>Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti HIV</name>
      <id>333</id>
      <definition>A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti hyperglycemic</name>
      <id>343</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti hyperlipidemic</name>
      <id>348</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti leukemic</name>
      <id>393</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti leukotriene</name>
      <id>399</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti metastatic</name>
      <id>434</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti microbial</name>
      <id>436</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti nephritic</name>
      <id>466</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti nociceptive</name>
      <id>484</id>
      <definition>A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti osteoporotic</name>
      <id>495</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti periodontic</name>
      <id>515</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti peroxidant</name>
      <id>519</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti peroxidative</name>
      <id>520</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti plasmodial</name>
      <id>532</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti prostaglandin-E2</name>
      <id>525</id>
      <definition>A compound that inhibits the action of prostaglandins.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti protozoal</name>
      <id>557</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti pyretic</name>
      <id>567</id>
      <definition>A drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti sarcomic</name>
      <id>592</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti septic</name>
      <id>603</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti TGF-beta</name>
      <id>644</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti ulcer</name>
      <id>676</id>
      <definition>One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-allergic</name>
      <id>103</id>
      <definition>A drug used to treat allergic reactions.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-apoptotic</name>
      <id>125</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-arrhythmic</name>
      <id>129</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-asthmatic</name>
      <id>134</id>
      <definition>A drug used to treat asthma.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-atherogenic</name>
      <id>136</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-atherosclerotic</name>
      <id>138</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-cancer</name>
      <id>159</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-diabetic</name>
      <id>228</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-edemic</name>
      <id>248</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-fertility</name>
      <id>276</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-gingivitic</name>
      <id>298</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-helmintic</name>
      <id>72</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-inflammatory</name>
      <id>370</id>
      <definition>A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-ischemic</name>
      <id>377</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-malarial</name>
      <id>416</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-obesity</name>
      <id>486</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-oxidant</name>
      <id>502</id>
      <definition>A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-parasitic</name>
      <id>508</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-plaque</name>
      <id>531</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-proliferative</name>
      <id>548</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-viral</name>
      <id>689</id>
      <definition>A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-Zika virus</name>
      <id>1441</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Antitumor</name>
      <id>672</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Antitumor promoter</name>
      <id>673</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Aromatase inhibitor</name>
      <id>705</id>
      <definition>An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Beta-blocker</name>
      <id>728</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Beta-glucuronidase inhibitor</name>
      <id>729</id>
      <definition>A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cancer preventive</name>
      <id>754</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cardioprotective</name>
      <id>769</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cardiotonic</name>
      <id>771</id>
      <definition>A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cyclooxygenase inhibitor</name>
      <id>849</id>
      <definition>A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor</name>
      <id>841</id>
      <definition>A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cytotoxic</name>
      <id>859</id>
      <definition>A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Diuretic</name>
      <id>883</id>
      <definition>An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Elastase inhibitor</name>
      <id>897</id>
      <definition>A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Gastroprotective</name>
      <id>947</id>
      <definition>A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hepatoprotective</name>
      <id>981</id>
      <definition>Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hepatotoxic</name>
      <id>984</id>
      <definition>A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hypocholesterolemic</name>
      <id>1016</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hypolipemic</name>
      <id>1019</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hypolipidemic</name>
      <id>1020</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hypotensive</name>
      <id>1021</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Immunomodulator</name>
      <id>1031</id>
      <definition>Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Immunostimulant</name>
      <id>1032</id>
      <definition>A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Inflammatory</name>
      <id>1034</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Inhibitor</name>
      <id>1432</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Insecticide</name>
      <id>1040</id>
      <definition>Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta.  In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Leucocytogenic</name>
      <id>1069</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Neuroprotective</name>
      <id>1158</id>
      <definition>Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>NF-kappa-B inhibitor</name>
      <id>1164</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Phagocytotic</name>
      <id>1212</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Piscicide</name>
      <id>1228</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Prooxidant</name>
      <id>1252</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor</name>
      <id>1258</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Sedative</name>
      <id>1311</id>
      <definition>A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Utero tonic</name>
      <id>1405</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Vasopressor</name>
      <id>1415</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
  </health_effects>
</compound>
