Showing Compound Geraniol (FDB013792)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:10:54 UTC

Update date

2020-09-17 15:31:23 UTC

Primary ID

FDB013792

Secondary Accession Numbers

Not Available

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

Geraniol

Description

beta-Geraniol, also known as (E)-nerol, the isomer of nerol (or geranyl alcohol, is a monoterpenoid alcohol. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenes that do not contain a cycle. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-eritritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID: 7640522). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. beta-Geraniol is an isoprenoid lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. beta-Geraniol has a sweet, citrus, and floral taste. beta-Geraniol is found in highest concentrations in common grapes, black walnuts, and common thymes and in lower concentrations in cardamoms, common oregano, and gingers. beta-Geraniol has also been detected in lemon verbena, oval-leaf huckleberries, common pea, sweet cherries, and nopals. This could make beta-geraniol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is found in as an alcohol and as its ester in many essential oils including geranium oil. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type) and occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Because it has a rose-like odor, it is commonly used in perfumes. It is used to create flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and blueberry. Geraniol is produced by the scent glands of honeybees to mark nectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives (http//doi:10.1051/apido:19900403)

CAS Number

106-24-1

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
(2E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol	ChEBI
(2E)-Geraniol	ChEBI
(e)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol	ChEBI
(e)-Geraniol	ChEBI
(e)-Nerol	ChEBI
2-trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol	ChEBI
3,7-Dimethyl-trans-2,6-octadien-1-ol	ChEBI
Geranyl alcohol	ChEBI
Lemonol	ChEBI
t-Geraniol	ChEBI
trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol	ChEBI
trans-Geraniol	ChEBI
b-Geraniol	Generator
Β-geraniol	Generator
(2E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol	HMDB
2-trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-1-ol	HMDB
2E-Geraniol	HMDB
3,7-Dimethyl-(2E)-2,6-octadien-1-ol	HMDB
3,7-Dimethyl-(e)-2,6-octadien-1-ol	HMDB
FEMA 2507	HMDB
Geraniol	HMDB
trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol	HMDB
trans-3,7-Dimethy- octa-2,6-dien-1-ol	HMDB
Geraniol, (Z)-isomer	MeSH
Geraniol, 1-(14)C-labeled, (e)-isomer	MeSH
Nerol	MeSH
Geraniol, 2-(14)C-labeled, (e)-isomer	MeSH
Geraniol, titanium (4+) salt	MeSH
Geraniol, (e)-isomer	MeSH
(E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienol	PhytoBank
trans-1-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene	PhytoBank
beta-Geraniol	PhytoBank
(E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol	biospider
(E)-Geraniol	biospider
(E)-Nerol	biospider
2-trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-1-ol	biospider
2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-	biospider
2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-	biospider
2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, trans-	biospider
3,7-Dimethyl-(2e)-2,6-octadien-1-ol	HMDB
3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol, (E)-	biospider

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1.37 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	2.89	ALOGPS
logP	2.5	ChemAxon
logS	-2	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	16.33	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-2.2	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	20.23 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	ChemAxon
Refractivity	51.18 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	19.67 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

C10H18O

IUPAC name

(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,7,11H,4,6,8H2,1-3H3/b10-7+

InChI Key

GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-JXMROGBWSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\CO

Average Molecular Weight

154.253

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

154.1357652

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenes that do not contain a cycle.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Prenol lipids

Sub Class

Monoterpenoids

Direct Parent

Acyclic monoterpenoids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Acyclic monoterpenoid
Fatty alcohol
Fatty acyl
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary alcohol
Organooxygen compound
Alcohol
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

primary alcohol (CHEBI:17447 )
monoterpenoid (CHEBI:17447 )
3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol (CHEBI:17447 )
Acyclic monoterpenoids (C01500 )
Linear monoterpenes (C01500 )
Acyclic monoterpenoids (LMPR0102010016 )

Ontology

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Enteral:

Ingestion

Source:

Synthetic:

Personal care product

Biological:

Animal

Plant:

Biological location:

Cell and elements:

Extracellular

Subcellular:

Biofluid and excreta:

Saliva

Process

Naturally occurring process:

Biological process:

Biochemical process:

Chemical reaction:

Lipid peroxidation

Biochemical pathway:

Lipid metabolism pathway

Cellular process:

Cell signaling

Role

Industrial application:

Food and nutrition:

Flavoring agent

Biological role:

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Liquid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	C 77.87%; H 11.76%; O 10.37%	DFC
Melting Point	<-15 oC
Boiling Point	Bp 230°	DFC
Experimental Water Solubility	0.1 mg/mL at 25 oC	CHEMICALS INSPECTION AND TESTING INSTITU (1992)
Experimental logP	3.56	GRIFFIN,S ET AL. (1999)
Experimental pKa	Not Available
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	Not Available
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	[neutral] lmax 195 (e 19000) (MeOH) (Berdy)	DFC
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	n30D 1.4777	DFC

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
EI-MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-014l-9100000000-f59382e51acd0b540204	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, 1 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-002f-9800000000-16b748da465c428492a4	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014l-9000000000-25934c23f4bc9ba87142	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-9000000000-a4d79e7813b94cf0d54b	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-9100000000-3a5359aae818f9966cbd	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00kf-9200000000-4a8a23071f388f446451	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-9100000000-f24e92e3c3efdc35a606	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-9100000000-d8e4f64753ef594f6d40	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-014l-9000000000-2bce8c0905dd12aa5dac	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-002f-9800000000-16b748da465c428492a4	Spectrum
GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-4900000000-7e43c8601ed65028cae5	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-014u-9300000000-c85bc4c928fbf7d824e8	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Geraniol, 1 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-030c-9520000000-69b7fbbb25764f7b612e	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Geraniol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 10V, negative	splash10-0a4i-1900000000-710389d2548f45d60502	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 4V, positive	splash10-001r-9500000000-d864036a8f8b4cdb20ae	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 5V, positive	splash10-001r-9400000000-e3661fd0b608943d6b6c	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 7V, positive	splash10-001i-9200000000-d748b4cd92b7c69ffee3	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 10V, positive	splash10-001i-9100000000-b6abc8d3af3aa99879b4	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 15V, positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-710e0ba546f9b86b8e40	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 17V, positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-4cc179896d0516270659	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 20V, positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-7f3a48636d9da2cda821	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 23V, positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-4b196d3d8e84ecd0e9f3	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 25V, positive	splash10-003r-9000000000-718f1d4e975f4b2446d1	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 27V, positive	splash10-003u-9000000000-2e43acc8a377504a4329	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 30V, positive	splash10-005c-9000000000-fe7ffaf2c7e121c33b7c	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 33V, positive	splash10-005c-9000000000-467c307d1f0822b86ea0	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 35V, positive	splash10-005c-9000000000-5939202301ea6107df2c	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 40V, positive	splash10-002f-9000000000-0e13687577d30f6265cc	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 45V, positive	splash10-0f96-9000000000-e478c8b2587c1134117d	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 1V, positive	splash10-000i-1900000000-5f3fc91bdf843e40a266	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 1V, positive	splash10-000i-1900000000-ab16b7d86a06d659d4f3	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 2V, positive	splash10-000i-3900000000-4dd10bbea41237cba535	2020-07-22	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0a4r-1900000000-3d437630e5bec67a7e07	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-052r-8900000000-0e505c85cec6344cab5c	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0gb9-9100000000-c7400df359a9559bd594	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-113756054eed13d33ee4	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0fk9-0900000000-dea43b41c5b791cef9d2	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0aou-9800000000-c028a2bd655026094251	2016-08-03	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description		View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)		Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)		Spectrum

External Links

ChemSpider ID

ChEMBL ID

KEGG Compound ID

Pubchem Compound ID

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17447

Phenol-Explorer ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

HMDB35155

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

JVC33-F:JHG09-C

EAFUS ID

1460

Dr. Duke ID

GERANIOL

BIGG ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

C00000845

HET ID

Not Available

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

106-24-1

GoodScent ID

rw1006991

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

Geraniol

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

Not Available

Duplicate IDS

Not Available

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Allergenic	50904	A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions.	DUKE
Anti-helmintic	33281	An agent that kills or expels parasitic worms, treating helminthic infections. Therapeutically, it targets intestinal parasites, reducing infection symptoms. Key medical uses include treating roundworm, hookworm, and tapeworm infections.	DUKE
Anti bacterial	33282	An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.	DUKE
Anti-cancer	35610	An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival.	DUKE
Anti cariogenic	52217	An agent that prevents tooth decay, reducing bacterial acid production and plaque formation. Its biological role is to inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and its therapeutic applications include preventing dental caries and managing tooth decay. Key medical uses include toothpaste, mouthwashes, and dental varnishes to maintain oral health.	DUKE
Anti-melanomic	35610	An agent that inhibits melanin production, reducing melanoma cell growth. It has therapeutic applications in treating skin cancers, particularly melanoma, and key medical uses include preventing tumor progression and metastasis, as well as managing pigmentation disorders.	DUKE
Anti-salmonella	33282	An agent that targets and eliminates Salmonella bacteria, reducing the risk of food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat salmonellosis, a disease caused by Salmonella infection, and to prevent outbreaks in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.	DUKE
Anti septic	33281	An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management.	DUKE
Anti-spasmodic	52217	An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort.	DUKE
Anti-tubercular	33282	An agent that combats tuberculosis, playing a biological role in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therapeutically, it is used to treat and prevent tuberculosis, with key medical applications including the treatment of active TB, latent TB, and TB meningitis, as well as preventing the spread of TB in high-risk populations.	DUKE
Antitumor	35610	An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.	DUKE
Ascaricide	33281	An agent that kills roundworms, particularly Ascaris species, playing a crucial role in treating parasitic infections. Therapeutically, it is used to eliminate intestinal parasites, reducing the risk of complications. Key medical uses include treating ascariasis, a common intestinal infection, and preventing related conditions such as malnutrition and intestinal blockages.	DUKE
Cancer preventive	35610	An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.	DUKE
Candidicide		An agent that kills Candida species, such as Candida albicans, reducing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat candidiasis, with key medical applications in managing oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and other fungal diseases.	DUKE
Central nervous system stimulant	35470	An agent that increases alertness and activity by enhancing neurotransmitter release, used therapeutically to manage attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and fatigue, and to improve cognitive function and mood.	DUKE
Embryotoxic	52209	An agent that is toxic to embryos, causing harm or malformation during fetal development. Its biological role is to induce teratogenic effects, and it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include serving as a warning for substances that pose risks during pregnancy, guiding prenatal care and medication management to prevent birth defects.	DUKE
Emetic		An agent that induces vomiting, playing a biological role in expelling toxins from the body. Therapeutically, it is used to treat poisoning, overdose, or gastrointestinal obstruction. Key medical uses include managing drug toxicity and aiding in stomach pumping procedures.	DUKE
Expectorant	52217	An agent that thins and loosens mucus, making it easier to cough up, reducing congestion. It aids in clearing respiratory tract secretions, commonly used to relieve coughs, colds, and bronchitis, promoting easier breathing and soothing irritated airways.	DUKE
Name	48318	flavor	DUKE
Fungicide	24127	An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage.	DUKE
Herbicide	24527	A chemical agent that kills or inhibits plant growth, used in agriculture to control weeds and pests. It has no direct biological role or therapeutic applications in human medicine, but its development has led to the creation of related compounds with potential medical uses, such as anticancer agents.	DUKE
Insectifuge	24852	A substance that repels insects, playing a biological role in plant defense. Therapeutically, it has applications in preventing insect-borne diseases. Key medical uses include topical repellents for malaria, dengue fever, and other vector-borne illnesses, reducing the risk of transmission.	DUKE
Insectiphile	24852	A venom-derived peptide with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing infections, reducing inflammation, and accelerating recovery. Key medical uses include wound care, infection control, and tissue regeneration.	DUKE
Mycobactericide		An agent that kills bacteria of the genus Mycobacteria, playing a crucial role in treating mycobacterial infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat tuberculosis, leprosy, and other related diseases, serving as a key medical tool in controlling and eliminating these infections.	DUKE
Nematicide	25491	An agent that kills nematodes, a type of parasitic worm, used to control infestations in crops and animals, with therapeutic applications in veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections and promote livestock health.	DUKE
Perfumery	48318	The art of creating fragrances, playing a biological role in emotional and sensory stimulation. Therapeutically, perfumery has applications in aromatherapy, reducing stress and anxiety. Key medical uses include mood enhancement, pain management, and promoting relaxation, with certain scents exhibiting anti-anxiety and anti-depressant properties.	DUKE
Pesticide	25944	An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.	DUKE
Sedative	35717	An agent that calms nervous activity, reducing anxiety and inducing relaxation. Its biological role is to slow down brain function, promoting sleep and relieving stress. Therapeutically, sedatives are used to manage insomnia, anxiety disorders, and seizures, as well as to prepare patients for medical procedures.	DUKE
Trichomonicide		An agent that kills Trichomonas organisms, used to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections, commonly causing vaginitis, and other related genital tract infections.	DUKE

Enzymes

Not Available

Pathways

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Biosynthesis

Not Available

Organoleptic Properties

Flavours

Flavor	Citations
rose	Arn, H, Acree TE. “Flavornet: A database of aroma compounds based on odor potency in natural products”. Developments in Food Science 40 (1998): 27. doi:10.1016/S0167-4501(98)80029-0 The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
geranium	Arn, H, Acree TE. “Flavornet: A database of aroma compounds based on odor potency in natural products”. Developments in Food Science 40 (1998): 27. doi:10.1016/S0167-4501(98)80029-0
sweet	The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
floral	The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
fruity	The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
waxy	The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
citrus	The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.