| Record Information |
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| Version | 1.0 |
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| Creation date | 2010-04-08 22:12:24 UTC |
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| Update date | 2020-09-17 15:41:03 UTC |
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| Primary ID | FDB016389 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | Not Available |
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| Chemical Information |
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| FooDB Name | Isoquercitrin |
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| Description | Isoquercitrin, also known as isotrifoliin or hirsutrin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-3-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C3-position. Isoquercitrin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, Isoquercitrin has been detected, but not quantified in, green vegetables and root vegetables. This could make isoquercitrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Isoquercitrin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Kidney Cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma, Thromboembolism of Vein in Pancreatic Cancer, and Thromboembolism of Vein VTE in Colorectal Cancer, among others. |
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| CAS Number | 482-35-9 |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | Source |
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| 2-(3,4-Dihidroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | ChEBI | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | ChEBI | | Isoquercetin | ChEBI | | Isotrifoliin | ChEBI | | 2-(3,4-Dihidroxyphenyl)-3-(b-D-glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | Generator | | 2-(3,4-Dihidroxyphenyl)-3-(β-D-glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | Generator | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | Generator | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | Generator | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | MeSH | | 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy | MeSH | | Flavone, 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-, 3-beta-D-glucofuranoside | MeSH | | Isoquercitin | MeSH | | Isoquercitroside | MeSH | | Quercetin 3-(beta-D-glucofuranoside) | MeSH | | Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside | MeSH | | Quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside | MeSH | | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | MeSH | | Quercetin-3-glucoside | MeSH | | Trifoliin | MeSH | | Trifoliin a | MeSH | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 9ci | HMDB | | 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone 3-beta-glucoside | HMDB | | 3-Glucopyranosyloxy-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone | HMDB | | 3-Glucosylquercetin | HMDB | | Glucosyl 3-quercetin | HMDB | | Hirsutrin | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-beta-D-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-beta-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-beta-O-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-D-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-glucopyranoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-monoglucoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside | HMDB | | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetol 3-glucoside | HMDB | | Quercetol 3-monoglucoside | HMDB | | Isoquercitrin | ChEBI | | Quercetin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside | Generator | | Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Generator | | 3-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosylquercetin | PhytoBank | | 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylquercetin | PhytoBank | | 3-beta-D-Glucosylquercetin | PhytoBank | | 3-β-D-Glucosylquercetin | PhytoBank | | 3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | 3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | 3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | Contigoside B | PhytoBank | | Glucosyl-3-quercetin | PhytoBank | | Isoquercetrin | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-O-beta-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-mono-D-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-beta-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-β-D-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3beta-O-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3β-O-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3beta-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin 3β-glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin glucoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin-3-glucose | PhytoBank | | Quercetin-3-beta-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | Quercetin-3-β-glucopyranoside | PhytoBank | | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 9CI | db_source |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Chemical Formula | C21H20O12 |
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| IUPAC name | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4H-chromen-4-one |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C21H20O12/c22-6-13-15(27)17(29)18(30)21(32-13)33-20-16(28)14-11(26)4-8(23)5-12(14)31-19(20)7-1-2-9(24)10(25)3-7/h1-5,13,15,17-18,21-27,29-30H,6H2/t13-,15-,17+,18-,21+/m1/s1 |
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| InChI Key | OVSQVDMCBVZWGM-QSOFNFLRSA-N |
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| Isomeric SMILES | OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](OC2=C(OC3=C(C(O)=CC(O)=C3)C2=O)C2=CC=C(O)C(O)=C2)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 464.3763 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 464.095476104 |
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| Classification |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-3-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C3-position. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Phenylpropanoids and polyketides |
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| Class | Flavonoids |
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| Sub Class | Flavonoid glycosides |
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| Direct Parent | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Flavonoid-3-o-glycoside
- Hydroxyflavonoid
- 3'-hydroxyflavonoid
- 4'-hydroxyflavonoid
- 5-hydroxyflavonoid
- 7-hydroxyflavonoid
- Flavone
- Hexose monosaccharide
- Chromone
- Glycosyl compound
- O-glycosyl compound
- Benzopyran
- 1-benzopyran
- Catechol
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Phenol
- Pyranone
- 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Benzenoid
- Pyran
- Monosaccharide
- Oxane
- Vinylogous acid
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Secondary alcohol
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Oxacycle
- Polyol
- Acetal
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Alcohol
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Ontology | No ontology term |
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| Physico-Chemical Properties |
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| Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Physical state | Not Available | |
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| Physical Description | Not Available | |
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| Mass Composition | C 54.32%; H 4.34%; O 41.34% | DFC |
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| Melting Point | Mp 238-242° | DFC |
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| Boiling Point | Not Available | |
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| Experimental Water Solubility | Not Available | |
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| Experimental logP | Not Available | |
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| Experimental pKa | Not Available | |
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| Isoelectric point | Not Available | |
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| Charge | Not Available | |
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| Optical Rotation | [a]25D -19.5 (c, 0.47 in Py) | DFC |
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| Spectroscopic UV Data | Not Available | |
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| Density | Not Available | |
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| Refractive Index | Not Available | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | |
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| EI-MS/GC-MS | | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Isoquercitrin, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0uea-8903800000-499ac85a438f6221151e | Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Isoquercitrin, 3 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-014r-3620009000-aa92fb234d45c04fb4a1 | Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Isoquercitrin, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Isoquercitrin, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum |
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| MS/MS | | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-5b33a5f16f6e2b064a26 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-03di-0000900000-04fd0a90f823358ed680 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-03di-0001900000-a884073b5df03fc34d44 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0udi-0009200000-abf468a3d736431e673c | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0udi-0019000000-6c4a0f0151f89b993af7 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0uk9-0096000000-2a8faa231ffe4833d3e5 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0w29-0179700000-4feff1360b5c3797e945 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-03di-0003900002-fb997b013c890e4beb25 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0udi-0059000000-f059e0c8ce382613a8af | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-03di-0000900000-2ca67c601c5cd16acf0e | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0udi-0079400000-53c1ad9f9a822003ead8 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negative | splash10-0w29-0029400000-e04499260d75d9c87784 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009200000-57d1b2e15f55ae809385 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-0ac33fff6c0d20867fa4 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-6b8e2bdefa584c75e6c6 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-dff25d3afe49ed2abe87 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-29733c57848cecc33e70 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0009000000-06624a60d6ef7aa134bb | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive | splash10-0udi-0109000000-cfa8aaba41883dcf51e5 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0uxr-0238900000-84d67141521459a118c0 | 2016-08-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0udi-0269100000-855726a927e888161d78 | 2016-08-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0f79-2962000000-bc39b0d9e5586054d85f | 2016-08-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0ik9-1306900000-12c0a6f0c9db05e8c9bd | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0udi-2439200000-fc56cb8d8bcb486e96a6 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0zfr-6963000000-3bde95e6420d1d4a73e4 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum |
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| NMR | Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| ChemSpider ID | 4444361 |
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| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL250450 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C05623 |
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| Pubchem Compound ID | 5280804 |
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| Pubchem Substance ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 28299 |
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| Phenol-Explorer ID | 293 |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB37362 |
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| CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID | KQX79-A:KQX79-A |
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| EAFUS ID | Not Available |
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| Dr. Duke ID | HIRSUTRIN|ISOQUERCITRIN|ISOQUERCETIN|QUERCETIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE|QUERCETIN-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE|3-O-BETA-D-QUERCETIN-GLUCOSIDE|QUERCETIN-3-O-BETA-GLUCOSIDE|QUERCETIN-3-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE |
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| BIGG ID | Not Available |
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| KNApSAcK ID | C00005373 |
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| HET ID | Not Available |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | Not Available |
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| Flavornet ID | Not Available |
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| GoodScent ID | rw1588881 |
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| SuperScent ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia ID | Isoquercitrin |
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| Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID | 293 |
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| Duplicate IDS | |
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| Old DFC IDS | Not Available |
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| Associated Foods |
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| Food | Content Range | Average | Reference |
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| Food | | | Reference |
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| Biological Effects and Interactions |
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| Health Effects / Bioactivities | | Descriptor | ID | Definition | Reference |
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| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 35457 | An agent that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure and fluid retention. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and protect kidney function in diabetes, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. | DUKE | | Aldose reductase inhibitor | 48550 | An agent that blocks the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism. It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly used in managing diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. | DUKE | | Anti bacterial | 33282 | An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis. | DUKE | | Anti-cancer | 35610 | An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival. | DUKE | | Anti elastase | 23924 | An agent that inhibits elastase activity, reducing tissue damage and inflammation. It plays a biological role in protecting tissues from enzymatic degradation. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where excessive elastase activity contributes to disease progression. | DUKE | | Anti feedant | | A substance that inhibits normal feeding behavior, found in certain plants, deterring insects and animals from consuming them. Its therapeutic applications include pest control, while key medical uses involve managing insect-borne diseases and reducing crop damage. | DUKE | | Anti-inflammatory | 35472 | An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis. | DUKE | | Anti nociceptive | 35470 | An agent that reduces the sensitivity to painful stimuli, blocking the transmission of pain signals. Its biological role is to modulate pain perception, with therapeutic applications in managing acute and chronic pain. Key medical uses include treating headaches, arthritis, and post-surgical pain, as well as providing relief for cancer and neuropathic pain. | DUKE | | Anti-oxidant | 22586 | An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects. | DUKE | | Anti radicular | | An agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management. | DUKE | | Anti-retroviral | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of retroviruses, reducing viral load. Therapeutically, it's used to treat and manage retroviral infections, such as HIV/AIDS, by blocking key enzymes like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, thereby preventing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. | DUKE | | Antitumor | 35610 | An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes. | DUKE | | Antitumor promoter | 35610 | An agent that inhibits tumor growth and progression, reducing cancer cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it prevents tumor development and spread, with key medical uses in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in combating carcinogenesis and metastasis. | DUKE | | Anti-viral | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19. | DUKE | | Cancer preventive | 35610 | An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence. | DUKE | | Capillarigenic | | An agent that promotes formation or proliferation of capillaries, enhancing blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It has therapeutic applications in wound healing, cardiovascular health, and tissue repair, with key medical uses in treating ischemic conditions, promoting angiogenesis, and supporting tissue regeneration. | DUKE | | Diaphoretic | | An agent that induces perspiration, playing a biological role in thermoregulation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat fever, detoxify, and relieve congestion. Key medical uses include managing hyperthermia, aiding in toxin removal, and alleviating symptoms of colds and flu. | DUKE | | Diuretic | 35498 | An agent that increases urine production, helping remove excess fluids and salts from the body. It plays a key biological role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. Therapeutically, diuretics are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, edema, and heart failure, helping reduce swelling and lower blood pressure. | DUKE | | Hypotensive | | An agent that lowers blood pressure, playing a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, it's used to manage hypertension, heart failure, and angina, with key medical applications in preventing stroke, kidney disease, and cardiac complications. | DUKE | | Insectiphile | 24852 | A venom-derived peptide with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing infections, reducing inflammation, and accelerating recovery. Key medical uses include wound care, infection control, and tissue regeneration. | DUKE | | Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE | | TNF-alpha inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reducing inflammation and immune responses. Therapeutically used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease, by decreasing inflammation and slowing disease progression. | DUKE | | Topoisomerase-II inhibitor | 50750 | An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase-II, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It prevents cancer cell growth by disrupting DNA structure, commonly used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. | DUKE |
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| Enzymes | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Metabolism | Not Available |
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| Biosynthesis | Not Available |
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| Organoleptic Properties |
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| Flavours | | Flavor | Citations |
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| odorless |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
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| Files |
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| MSDS | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| General Reference | Not Available |
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| Content Reference | — Rothwell JA, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Medina-Ramon A, M'Hiri N, Garcia Lobato P, Manach C, Knox K, Eisner R, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2013) Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database, 10.1093/database/bat070. — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004). — Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.
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